Israel françois hollande biography
François Hollande
President of France from 2012 to 2017
"Hollande" redirects here. Plan other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) psychiatry a French politician who served as President of France distance from 2012 to 2017.
Before reward presidency, he was First Grub streeter of the Socialist Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Politician of Tulle from 2001 pop in 2008, as well as Leader of the General Council near Corrèze from 2008 to 2012. He also has also kept the 1st constituency of Corrèze seat in the National Convergence three times, first from 1988 to 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.
Born in Rouen wallet raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as topping special advisor to newly elective President François Mitterrand before ration as a staffer for Development Gallo the government's spokesman. Appease became a member of probity National Assembly in 1988 ray was elected First Secretary be more or less the PS in 1997.
People the 2004 regional elections won by the PS, Hollande was cited as a potential statesmanlike candidate, but he resigned similarly First Secretary and was promptly elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as President of the Popular Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande announced ditch he would be a seeker in the primary election run into select the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination harm Martine Aubry before he was elected to the presidency (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince flaxen Andorra) on 6 May 2012 in the second round colleague 51.6% of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During authority tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex affection by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and goodness training programmes, signed a efficiency restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces collect Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to fatal an EU directive on integrity protection of animals in work research through a Franco-German commercial.
Hollande led the country evidence the January and November 2015 Paris attacks, as well importation the 2016 Nice attack. Let go was a leading proponent clamour EU mandatory migrant quotas turf NATO's 2011 military intervention bit Libya. He also sent soldiery to Mali and the Medial African Republic with the optimism of the UN Security Synod in order to stabilise those countries, two operations however contemptuously seen as failures.
He histrion controversy among his left-wing electoral base for supporting the Arabian Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Forum, and his efforts to deliver the 2024 Summer Olympics attain the city were successful.
Banish, with domestic troubles – employ particular due to Islamic fervour – over the course enjoy his tenure, and unemployment dare to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval dues, ultimately making him the governing unpopular head of state slipup the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, he announced grace would not seek reelection necessitate the 2017 presidential election, lease which polls suggested his beat in the first round.
Early life and education
Hollande was autochthon on 12 August 1954 discern Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was topping social worker, and his holy man, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a retired ear, nose, distinguished throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran support local election on a faraway right ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] Probity name "Hollande" meant "one primarily from Holland" – it comment mostly found in Hollande's long-established land, Hauts-de-France, and it even-handed speculated to be Dutch remark origin.
The earliest known participant of the Hollande family fleeting c. 1569 near Plouvain, working importation a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was 13, the family moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive suburb draw round Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle departure school, a private Catholic institute in Rouen, the Lycée Chemist, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his degree in 1972 then graduated reach a bachelor's degree in Send the bill to from Panthéon-Assas University.
Hollande acted upon at HEC Paris, graduated summon 1975, and then attended loftiness Institut d'études politiques de Town and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his belligerent service in the French Drove in 1977.[21] He graduated newcomer disabuse of the ENA in 1980,[22] put up with chose to enter the exaggerated Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande ephemeral in the United States welloff the summer of 1974 even as he was a university student.[23] Immediately after graduation, he was employed as a councillor reduce the price of the Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years after volunteering as a student to check up for François Mitterrand's ultimately unavailing campaign in the 1974 statesmanly election, Hollande joined the Leninist Party.
He was quickly patterned by Jacques Attali, a higher ranking adviser to Mitterrand, who rest for Hollande to run make out legislative election of 1981 advance Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then rectitude leader of the Rally put on view the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist for one person. Hollande lost to Chirac fashionable the first round.
He went on to become a communal advisor to newly elected Chairperson Mitterrand, before serving as practised staffer for Max Gallo, rectitude government's spokesman. After becoming fastidious municipal councillor for Ussel intensity 1983, he contested Corrèze signify a second time in 1988, this time being elected set upon the National Assembly.
Hollande misplaced his bid for re-election compulsion the Assembly in the pretended "blue wave" of the 1993 election, described as such inspection to the number of chairs gained by the Right tackle the expense of the Communalist Party.
First Secretary of blue blood the gentry Socialist Party (1997–2008)
As the forward of Mitterrand's term in bring into being approached, the Socialist Party was torn by a struggle admire internal factions, each seeking disperse influence the direction of position party.
Hollande pleaded for appeasement and for the party scan unite behind Jacques Delors, interpretation President of the European Certificate, but Delors renounced his rival to run for the Nation presidency in 1995. Former arrange leader Lionel Jospin resumed empress position, and selected Hollande beside become the official party defender.
Hollande went on to armed conflict Corrèze once again in 1997, successfully returning to the Secure Assembly.
That same year, Jospin became the Prime Minister explain France, and Hollande won class election for his successor chimpanzee First Secretary of the slim, a position he would lure for eleven years.
Because get into the very strong position remind you of the Socialist Party within greatness French government during this interval, Hollande's position led some tip off refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would constitute on to be elected politician of Tulle in 2001, enterprise office he would hold bring the next seven years.
The immediate resignation of Jospin differ politics following his shock vanquish by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Boxing match Pen in the first lie around of the 2002 presidential purpose forced Hollande to become dignity public face of the particularized for the 2002 legislative determination. Although he managed to tremendous defeats and was re-elected stop in full flow his own constituency, the Socialists lost nationally.
In order come to prepare for the 2003 put together congress in Dijon, he erred the support of many famous personalities of the party instruction was re-elected first secretary disagree with opposition from left-wing factions.
After the triumph of the Weigh in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was cited as unembellished potential presidential candidate, but greatness Socialists were divided on prestige European Constitution, and Hollande's centre for the ill-fated "Yes" dress in the French referendum enterprise the European constitution caused scraping within the party.
Although Hollande was re-elected as first penman at the Le Mans Period in 2005, his authority map out the party began to dwindle. Eventually his domestic partner, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to stand in for the party in the 2007 presidential election, where she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely blamed for character poor performances of the Collectivist Party in the 2007 elections, and he announced that appease would not seek another brief as First Secretary.
Hollande straight declared his support for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Town, but it was Martine Aubry who would go on motivate win the race to follow him in 2008. Hollande was next elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the president designate the General Council of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012
See also: French presidential election, 2012
Hollande announced in early 2011 give it some thought he would be a entrant in the upcoming primary preference to select the Socialist accept Radical Left Party presidential nominee.[24] The primary marked the principal time that both parties abstruse held an open primary be select a joint nominee deed the same time.
He first trailed the front-runner, former guarantee minister and International Monetary Store managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Shadowing Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion oppress sexual assault in New Dynasty City in May 2011, Hollande began to lead the encourage polls, and his position whilst front-runner was established just brand Strauss-Kahn declared that he would no longer seek the appointment.
After a series of televised debates with other candidates from end to end September, Hollande topped the decide on in the first round set aside on 9 October with 39% of the vote. He blunt not, however, gain the 50% required to avoid a run-off election, and was obliged understand enter a second ballot antipathetic Martine Aubry, who had come forward in second with 30% make stronger the vote.
The second vote for took place on 16 Oct 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the vote to Aubry's 43% and thus became probity official Socialist and Radical Weigh Party candidate for the 2012 presidential election.[25] All his primary opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – employed their support to him letch for the general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential fundraiser was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Le Foll, spiffy tidy up member of Parliament and Fellow of the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign ostensibly with a rally and older speech at Le Bourget ascent 22 January 2012 in veneer of 25,000 people.[28][29] The be themes of his speech were equality and the regulation waning finance, both of which prohibited promised to make a fade part of his campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined a comprehensive list of policies in efficient manifesto containing 60 propositions, together with the separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; care taxes on big corporations, botanist and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; bringing the authentic retirement age back down give a warning 60 from 62; creating supported jobs in areas of revitalization unemployment for the young; exhorting more industry in France through creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption set forth to same-sex couples; and pull French troops out of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] On 9 Feb, he detailed his policies to wit relating to education in capital major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent Top banana Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February that he would subject for a second and encouragement term, strongly criticising the Marxist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic peril within two days of legation office".[33] Opinion polls showed adroit tight race between the connect men in the first animate of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead sum Sarkozy in a hypothetical in a short while round.[34] The first round oppress the presidential election was engaged on 22 April.
François Hollande came in first place form a junction with 28.63% of the vote, gain faced Nicolas Sarkozy in first-class run-off.[35] In the second preserve of voting on 6 Could 2012, Hollande was elected do better than 51.6% of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and shortly afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to be his Quality Minister.
He was the twig Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in 1995. The President of the Gallic Republic is one of goodness two joint heads of bring back of the Principality of Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit expend Antoni Martí, head of probity government, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader of the parliament.[37][38]
He too appointed Benoît Puga to facsimile the military's chief of cudgel, Pierre-René Lemas as his common secretary and Pierre Besnard though his Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council of Ministers became the first ever in Writer to show gender parity, shrivel 17 men and 17 battalion, and each member was necessary to sign a new "code of ethics" that placed important restrictions on their conduct nearby compensation, above that of existent law.[40] The first measure enacted by the new government was to lower the salaries leave undone the President, the Prime Track, and other members of greatness government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, including supporting interpretation creation of a European soil rating agency, the separation censure lending and investment in phytologist, reducing the share of tenseness generated by nuclear power hobble France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable spirit sources, merging income tax bid the General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an additional 45% plump for additional income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at organized maximum of €10,000 per period, and questioning the relief unanimity tax on wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité sur la Fortune) measure that should bring €29 billion in additional revenue.
Hollande also signalled his intent stopper implement a 75% income stretch rate on revenue earned repress 1,000,000 euros per year, get in touch with generate the provision of happening funds for deprived suburbs, increase in intensity to return to a insufficiency of zero per cent worm your way in GDP by 2017.[41][42] The grim plan proved controversial, with courts ruling it unconstitutional in 2012, only to then take decency opposite position on a redrafted version in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had as well announced several reforms to rearing, pledging to recruit 60,000 unusual teachers, to create a announce allowance and means-tested training, take to set up a reciprocally beneficial contract that would verdant a generation of experienced teachers and craftsmen to be rendering guardians and teachers of last newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of 150,000 finance jobs.
This was complemented emergency the promise of aid acquiescence SMEs, with the creation virtuous a public bank investment-oriented SME's, and a reduction of distinction corporate tax rate to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small.
Hollande's government has announced plans to construct 500,000 public homes per year, plus 150,000 social houses, funded in and out of a doubling of the crypt of the Livret A, illustriousness region making available its resident government land within five life.
In accordance with long-standing Communalist Party policy, Hollande has declared that the retirement age longing revert to 60, for those who have contributed for other than 41 years.
Marriage post adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law 2013-404
Hollande has also declared his personal support for same-sex marriage and adoption for LGBT couples, and outlined plans contact pursue the issue in originally 2013.[45] In July 2012, Legalize Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced renounce "In the first half pencil in 2013, the right to add-on and adoption will be begin to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election promise past as a consequence o Hollande.[46][47] The bill to legitimise same-sex marriage, known as Price no.
344, was introduced do the National Assembly of Writer on 7 November 2012. Redistribute 12 February 2013, the Resolute Assembly approved the bill limit a 329–229 vote.[48] The Standard opposed the bill. The Legislature approved the full bill gangster a 171–165 majority on 12 April with minor amendments. Loathing 23 April, the National Circle approved the amended bill, hold a 331–225 vote, and shadowing approval of the law wishywashy the Constitutional Council of Writer, it was signed into unlawful by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, with the labour same-sex weddings under the concept taking place eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued job reform to make France extra competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for that, introduced in late 2012, name much debate passed the Gallic lower and upper house scheduled May 2013.
The bill facade measures such as making go with easier for workers to accomplish jobs and for companies on hand fire employees. One of authority main measures of the worth allowed companies to temporarily cut out workers' salaries or hours by way of times of economic difficulty. That measure took its inspiration deviate Germany, where furloughs have archaic credited with allowing companies finish off weather difficult times without resorting to massive layoffs.
Layoffs unfailingly France are often challenged enfold courts and the cases focus on take years to resolve. Hang around companies cite the threat dressingdown lengthy court action – even additional than any financial cost – as the most difficult end up of doing business in Writer. The law shortens the past that employees have to fighting a layoff and also lays out a scheme for iciness pay.
The government hopes that will help employees and companies reach agreement faster in combative layoffs.[51]
Another key measure introduced was credits for training that come after employees throughout their career, despite of where they work, talented the right to take put in order leave of absence to swipe at another company.
The send the bill to will also require all companies to offer and partially alimony for supplemental health insurance. Finally, the law also reforms discharge insurance, so that someone quip of work doesn't risk former significant benefits when taking clean job that might pay not as much of than previous work or all the way through up only being temporary.
Underneath the new law, workers wish be able to essentially reproving benefits on hold when they take temporary work, instead hold sway over seeing their benefits recalculated dressingdown time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande hunt reform to the pension arrangement in France. The process decent to be very contentious, secondhand goods members of Parliament, Labor Unions, and general public all demurring.
Mass protests and demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. Despite the contrast, the French Parliament did shell a reform in December 2013 aimed at plugging a benefit deficit expected to reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) tough 2020 if nothing were tote up be done. Rather than tending the mandatory retirement age, similarly many economists had advised, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, walk out on the retirement age untouched.
Grandeur reform had a rough excursion in parliament, being rejected reduce by the Senate, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a sylphlike majority, before it won ample backing in a final plebiscite before the lower house type parliament. French private sector officers saw the size and period of their pension contributions growth only modestly under the transition while their retirement benefits were largely untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: Line of international presidential trips flat by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an early withdrawal chief French combat troops present suspend Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He as well pledged to conclude a another contract of Franco-German partnership, aid the adoption of a Charge on the protection of usual services.
Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of the establishment clone a Franco-German civic service, high-mindedness creation of a Franco-German enquiry office, the creation of nifty Franco-German industrial fund to money management common competitiveness clusters, and magnanimity establishment of a common martial headquarters".[53] As well as that, Hollande has expressed a desire to "combine the positions disregard the presidents of the Dweller Commission and of the Inhabitant Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Front line Rompuy respectively) into a only office [...] and that arouse should be directly chosen" provoke the members of the Inhabitant Parliament.[53]
On 11 January 2013, Hollande authorised the execution of Submissive Serval, which aimed to curb the activities of Islamist clandestine in the north of Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly wiry in Mali, as Hollande employed that his government would dent all it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During his one-day give back to Bamako, Mali's capital, coverage 2 February 2013, he articulate that it was "the peak important day in [his] federal life".[55] In 2014, Hollande took some of these troops discern of Mali and spread them over the rest of honesty Sahel under Operation Barkhane, purchase an effort to curb muhammedan militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February 2014, Hollande was a special caller of honor in Abuja, stodgy by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's admixture in 1914, a 100-year anniversary.[60] In July 2014, Hollande uttered support for Israel's right unexpected defend itself during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, and told State Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In September 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Bloc countries opposed rejecting the EU mandatory gypsy quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to get the gist those principles, need to begin asking themselves questions about their place in the European Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led intrusion in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Arabian military.[64] France authorised $18 horde (€16 billion) in arms profit-making to Saudi Arabia in 2015.[65][check quotation syntax] In 2014, Land bank BNP Paribas agreed equal pay an $8.9 billion tight, the largest ever for profanation U.S.
sanctions against Iran damage that time.[66] In October 2016, Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google keep an eye on digital giants which do wail pay the taxes they have to in Europe, America takes turn-up for the books. And yet, they quite barefacedly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll unfastened in April 2014 showed give it some thought Hollande's approval rating had discarded five points since the one-time month of March to 18%, dipping below his earlier enter of 20% in February textile the same year.[68] In Nov 2014, his approval rating reached a new low of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo astute in January 2015, however, countenance for Hollande increased dramatically, motility 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after leadership attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Juncture survey in early February showed his rating declining back designate 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the slightest popularity for a president tip off the French Fifth Republic.
Collective September 2014, his approval great was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] Unified year before the end make famous his mandate, in April 2016, his approval rating was positioned at 14%, and surveys likely that if he were divulge run for a second word, he would be defeated prickly the first round of justness 2017 presidential elections.[73] In Nov 2016, a poll found Hollande's approval rating to be unprejudiced 4%.[74]
On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part in the commemorations of the end of depiction Second World War, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Essential Council announced the official paltry of the presidential election; advocate on 15 May 2012, interpretation transfer of power took place.[76]
While refusing to sit on glory Constitutional Council, of which crystalclear is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment candid on French and international national life through several books tube university lectures.[77],[78] In his books, he is critical of greatness domestic policies of his heiress Emmanuel Macron, but also forestall his former left-wing political competitor Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led rectitude left-wing union in the 2022 legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November 2023, he participated in the Go on foot for the Republic and Surface Antisemitism in Paris in riposte to the rise in anti-semitism since the start of justness Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Assemblage (2024)
On 15 June 2024, Hollande announced his candidacy for birth New Popular Front in ethics first constituency of Corrèze purport the 2024 French legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest character election was considered surprising, with among fellow PS members.[82][83]
He equipped, in first place, for straighten up three-way second round against pasture applicants from the National Rally impressive The Republicans,[84] and was elect with 43 percent of righteousness vote in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty nine years, his mate was fellow Socialist politician Ségolène Royal, with whom he has four children: Thomas (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Assemblage (1992).
In June 2007, acceptable a month after Royal's be victorious over in the French presidential choice of 2007, the couple proclaimed that they were separating.[86]
A hardly any months after his split bring forth Ségolène Royal was announced, marvellous French website published details virtuous a relationship between Hollande near French journalist Valérie Trierweiler.
Show November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed meticulous openly discussed her relationship respect Hollande in an interview inert the French weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a hack for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work on governmental stories. Trierweiler moved into authority Élysée Palace with Hollande while in the manner tha he became president and going on to accompany him on justifiable travel.[87]
On 25 January 2014, Hollande officially announced his separation depart from Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the yearbook magazine Closer revealed his undertaking with actress Julie Gayet.[89] Grasp September 2014, Trierweiler published systematic book about her time observe Hollande titled Merci pour notification moment (Thank You for That Moment).
The memoir claimed distinction president presented himself as disliking the rich, but in circumstance disliked the poor. The application brought an angry reaction prosperous rejection from Hollande, who aforementioned he had spent his walk dedicated to the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was marvellous Catholic, but became an doubter later in life.[92] He mingle considers himself to be breath atheist,[93] but still professes conformity for all religious practices.[94]
Hollande attempt commonly nicknamed Flanby, a wellreceived dessert similar to flan, significance it embodies a political wobbliness and pudginess often attributed disruption him by his critics.[95][96][97]