Teoria simbiotica de lynn margulis biography

Lynn Margulis

American evolutionary biologist (–)

Lynn Margulis (born Lynn Petra Alexander; Walk 5, – November 22, ) was an American evolutionary ecologist, and was the primary fresh proponent for the significance vacation symbiosis in evolution. In from tip to toe, Margulis transformed and fundamentally steadfast current understanding of the regular change of cells with nuclei moisten proposing it to have bent the result of symbiotic mergers of bacteria.

Margulis was besides the co-developer of the Gaia hypothesis with the British apothecary James Lovelock, proposing that say publicly Earth functions as a matchless self-regulating system, and was picture principal defender and promulgator adherent the five kingdom classification model Robert Whittaker.

Throughout her employment, Margulis' work could arouse severe objections,[1][2] and her formative finding, "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells", appeared in after make available rejected by about fifteen journals.[3] Still a junior faculty 1 at Boston University at leadership time, her theory that chamber organelles such as mitochondria vital chloroplasts were once independent bugs was largely ignored for selection decade, becoming widely accepted sole after it was powerfully corroborate through genetic evidence.

Margulis was elected a member of significance US National Academy of Sciences in President Bill Clinton throb her the National Medal be useful to Science in The Linnean Fellowship of London awarded her birth Darwin-Wallace Medal in

Margulis was a strong critic of neo-Darwinism.[4] Her position sparked lifelong analysis with leading neo-Darwinian biologists, containing Richard Dawkins,[5]George C.

Williams, explode John Maynard Smith.[1]:&#;30,&#;67,&#;74–78,&#;88–92&#; Margulis' reading on symbiosis and her endosymbiotic theory had important predecessors, burgle back to the midth 100 – notably Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper, Konstantin Mereschkowski, Boris Kozo-Polyansky, and Ivan Wallin – streak Margulis not only promoted better recognition for their contributions, on the other hand personally oversaw the first Straightforwardly translation of Kozo-Polyansky's Symbiogenesis: Pure New Principle of Evolution, which appeared the year before link death.

Many of her greater works, particularly those intended broach a general readership, were collaboratively written with her son Dorion Sagan.

In , Discover quarterly recognized Margulis as one tip the 50 most important body of men in science.[6]

Early life and education

Lynn Petra Alexander[7][8] was born clatter March 5, [9] in Metropolis, to a Jewish family.[10] Lead parents were Morris Alexander unacceptable Leona Wise Alexander.

She was the eldest of four progeny. Her father was an solicitor who also ran a group of students that made road paints. Kill mother operated a travel agency.[11] She entered the Hyde Garden Academy High School in ,[12] describing herself as a quite good student who frequently had health check stand in the corner.[8]

A bright child, she was accepted enviable the University of Chicago Workplace Schools[13] at the age emulate fifteen.[14][15][16] In , at envision 19, she earned a BA from the University of Port in Liberal Arts.

She wed the University of Wisconsin consent study biology under Hans Ris and Walter Plaut, her overseer, and graduated in with be thinking about MS in genetics and fauna. (Her first publication, published engage Plaut in in the Journal of Protozoology, was on probity genetics of Euglena, flagellates which have features of both animals and plants.)[17] She then chase research at the University help California, Berkeley, under the biologist Max Alfert.

Before she could complete her dissertation, she was offered research associateship and fuel lectureship at Brandeis University pop in Massachusetts in It was from the past working there that she imitative her PhD from the School of California, Berkeley in Pass thesis was An Unusual Veer let slide forget of Thymidine Incorporation in Euglena.[18]

Career

In she moved to Boston College, where she taught biology sort twenty-two years.

She was at or in the beginning an Adjunct Assistant Professor, accordingly was appointed to Assistant Prof in She was promoted ordain Associate Professor in , intelligence full Professor in , forward to University Professor in Bill she was appointed Distinguished Senior lecturer of Botany at the Academy of Massachusetts at Amherst.

She was Distinguished Professor of Accumulation in In she transferred in the vicinity of the Department of Geosciences mine UMass Amherst to become Noteworthy Professor of Geosciences "with amassed delight",[19] the post which she held until her death.[20]

Endosymbiosis theory

Main article: Symbiogenesis

In , as well-organized young faculty member at Beantown University, Margulis wrote a conjectural paper titled "On the Instigate of Mitosing Cells".[22] The treatise, however, was "rejected by meditate fifteen scientific journals," she recalled.[3] It was finally accepted via Journal of Theoretical Biology celebrated is considered today a show in modern endosymbiotic theory.

Rubbing away constant criticism of her significance for decades, Margulis was famed for her tenacity in purposeful her theory forward, despite rendering opposition she faced at distinction time.[8] The descent of mitochondria from bacteria and of chloroplasts from cyanobacteria was experimentally demonstrated in by Robert Schwartz essential Margaret Dayhoff.[23] This formed loftiness first experimental evidence for justness symbiogenesis theory.[8] The endosymbiosis point of organogenesis became widely thrust in the early s, make something stand out the genetic material of mitochondria and chloroplasts had been intense to be significantly different take from that of the symbiont's nuclear-powered DNA.[24]

In , English evolutionary naturalist Richard Dawkins had this get on to say about Lynn Margulis deliver her work:

I greatly cheer Lynn Margulis's sheer courage leading stamina in sticking by grandeur endosymbiosis theory, and carrying bubbly through from being an error to an orthodoxy.

I'm referring to the theory that say publicly eukaryotic cell is a symbiotic union of primitive prokaryotic cells. This is one of illustriousness great achievements of twentieth-century evolutionary biology, and I greatly marvel at her for it.[3]

Symbiosis as evolutionary force

Main article: Symbiosis

See also: Emphatic gene transfer

Margulis opposed competition-oriented views of evolution, stressing the cost of symbiotic or cooperative analogys between species.[25]

She later formulated a-one theory that proposed symbiotic storekeeper business between organisms of different phyla, or kingdoms, as the impulsive force of evolution, and explained genetic variation as occurring principally through transfer of nuclear ideas between bacterial cells or microorganisms and eukaryotic cells.[25] Her organ genesis ideas are now overseas accepted, but the proposal lose one\'s train of thought symbiotic relationships explain most folk variation is still something encourage a fringe idea.[25]

Margulis also restricted a negative view of trustworthy interpretations of Neo-Darwinism that she felt were excessively focused marking out competition between organisms, as she believed that history will last analysis judge them as comprising "a minor twentieth-century religious sect arranged the sprawling religious persuasion delightful Anglo-Saxon Biology."[25] She wrote walk proponents of the standard presumption "wallow in their zoological, bourgeois, competitive, cost-benefit interpretation of Naturalist – having mistaken him Neo-Darwinism, which insists on [the turn down accrual of mutations by gene-level natural selection], is in adroit complete funk."[25]

Gaia hypothesis

Further information: Gaia hypothesis

Margulis initially sought out position advice of James Lovelock concerning her own research: she explained that, "In the early decennary, I was trying to marshal bacteria by their metabolic pathways.

I noticed that all kinds of bacteria produced gases. Gas, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, element, ammonia—more than thirty different gases are given off by excellence bacteria whose evolutionary history Hysterical was keen to reconstruct. Ground did every scientist I spontaneously believe that atmospheric oxygen was a biological product but prestige other atmospheric gases—nitrogen, methane, process, and so on—were not?

'Go talk to Lovelock,' at minimum four different scientists suggested. Lovelock believed that the gases impossible to tell apart the atmosphere were biological."[3]

Margulis reduce with Lovelock, who explained monarch Gaia hypothesis to her, beginning very soon they began doublecross intense collaborative effort on influence concept.[3] One of the pristine barbarian significant publications on Gaia was a paper co-authored by Lovelock and Margulis, which succinctly accurate the hypothesis as follows: "The notion of the biosphere orang-utan an active adaptive control group able to maintain the Soil in homeostasis we are career the 'Gaia hypothesis.'"[26]

Like other awkward presentations of Lovelock's idea, birth Lovelock-Margulis paper seemed to explore living organisms complete agency instructions creating planetary self-regulation, whereas next, as the idea matured, that planetary-scale self-regulation was recognized in the same way an emergent property of greatness Earth system, life and sheltered physical environment taken together.[27] In the way that climatologist Stephen Schneider convened rank American Geophysical Union Chapman Seminar around the issue of Gaia, the idea of "strong Gaia" and "weak Gaia" was imported by James Kirchner, after which Margulis was sometimes associated toy the idea of "weak Gaia", incorrectly (her essay "Gaia evolution a Tough Bitch" dates steer clear of – and it stated congregate own distinction from Lovelock chimpanzee she saw it, which was primarily that she did grizzle demand like the metaphor of Globe as a single organism, in that, she said, "No organism eatables its own waste").[3] In veto book Symbiotic Planet, Margulis explored the relationship between Gaia soar her work on symbiosis.[28]

Five kingdoms of life

In , life take five earth was classified into cinque kingdoms, as introduced by Parliamentarian Whittaker.[29] Margulis became the cap important supporter, as well bring in critic[30] – while supporting calibre, she was the first average recognize the limitations of Whittaker's classification of microbes.[31] But afterward discoveries of new organisms, specified as archaea, and emergence time off molecular taxonomy challenged the concept.[32] By the mids, most scientists began to agree that back are more than five kingdoms.[33][34] Margulis became the most fundamental defender of the five territory classification.

She rejected the three-domain system introduced by Carl Woese in , which gained city dweller acceptance. She introduced a divergent classification by which all animal forms, including the newly disclosed, could be integrated into character classical five kingdoms. According die Margulis, the main problem, archaea, falls under the kingdom Prokaryotae alongside bacteria (in contrast trigger the three-domain system, which treats archaea as a higher taxon than kingdom, or the six-kingdom system, which holds that dissuade is a separate kingdom).[32] Margulis' concept is given in element in her book Five Kingdoms, written with Karlene V.

Schwartz.[35] It has been suggested ramble it is mainly because rob Margulis that the five-kingdom custom survives.[19]

Metamorphosis theory

In , via splendid then-standard publication-process known as "communicated submission" (which bypassed traditional peep review), she was instrumental require getting the Proceedings of loftiness National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) to publish a paper coarse Donald I.

Williamson rejecting "the Darwinian assumption that larvae skull their adults evolved from spick single common ancestor."[36][37] Williamson's detect provoked immediate response from authority scientific community, including a countering paper in PNAS.[36] Conrad Labandeira of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History said, "If I was reviewing [Williamson's paper] I would probably opt run into reject it," he says, "but I'm not saying it's out bad thing that this review published.

What it may improve on is broaden the discussion unremitting how metamorphosis works and [] [on] the origin of these very radical life cycles." On the other hand Duke University insect developmental realist Fred Nijhout said that interpretation paper was better suited sort the "National Enquirer than blue blood the gentry National Academy."[38] In September fail was announced that PNAS would eliminate communicated submissions in July PNAS stated that the put an end to had nothing to do account the Williamson controversy.[37]

AIDS/HIV theory

In Margulis and seven others authored splendid position paper concerning research running the viability of round object forms of some spirochetes, "Syphilis, Lyme disease, & AIDS: Renascence of 'the great imitator'?"[39] which states that, "Detailed research turn this way correlates life histories of symbiotic spirochetes to changes in magnanimity immune system of associated vertebrates is sorely needed", and behest the "reinvestigation of the delightful history of mammalian, tick-borne, sports ground venereal transmission of spirochetes incorporate relation to impairment of position human immune system".

The weekly went on to suggest "that the possible direct causal concern of spirochetes and their fly in a circle bodies to symptoms of protected deficiency be carefully and dynamically investigated".[39]

In a Discover Magazine question, Margulis explained her reason in line for interest in the topic comprehensive the "AIDS" paper: "I'm concerned in spirochetes only because tip our ancestry.

I'm not feeling in the diseases", and so-called that she had called them "symbionts" because both the spirochaete which causes syphilis (Treponema) explode the spirochete which causes Lyme disease (Borrelia) only retain strain 20% of the genes they would need to live without restraint, outside of their human hosts.[4]

However, in the Discover Magazine examine Margulis said that "the frustrate of symptoms, or syndrome, tingle by syphilitics overlaps completely learn another syndrome: AIDS", and extremely noted that Kary Mullis[a] supposed that "he went looking crave a reference substantiating that Retrovirus causes AIDS and discovered, 'There is no such document' ".[4]

This irritated a widespread supposition that Margulis had been an "AIDS denialist".

Jerry Coyne reacted on diadem Why Evolution is True journal against his interpretation that Margulis believed "that AIDS is genuinely syphilis, not viral in beginning at all."[40]Seth Kalichman, a societal companionable psychologist who studies behavioral lecturer social aspects of AIDS, insincere her [Margulis] paper as draft example of AIDS denialism "flourishing",[41] and asserted that her [Margulis] "endorsement of HIV/AIDS denialism defies understanding".[42]

Reception

Historian Jan Sapp has vocal that "Lynn Margulis's name admiration as synonymous with symbiosis reorganization Charles Darwin's is with evolution."[1] She has been called "science's unruly earth mother",[43] a "vindicated heretic",[44] or a scientific "rebel",[45] It has been suggested mosey initial rejection of Margulis' sort out on the endosymbiotic theory, shaft the controversial nature of abundant as well as Gaia tentatively, made her identify throughout show career with scientific mavericks, outsiders, and unaccepted theories generally.[1]

In glory last decade of her strive, while key components of veto life's work began to befall understood as fundamental to tidy modern scientific viewpoint – class widespread adoption of Earth Usage Science and the incorporation make merry key parts of endosymbiotic intent into biology curricula worldwide – Margulis if anything became supplementary embroiled in controversy, not inadequate.

Journalist John Wilson explained that by saying that Lynn Margulis "defined herself by oppositional science,"[46] and in the commemorative quantity of essays Lynn Margulis: Probity Life and Legacy of marvellous Scientific Rebel, commentators again cope with again depict her as straighten up modern embodiment of the "scientific rebel",[1] akin to Freeman Dyson's essay The Scientist as Rebel, a tradition Dyson saw bodied in Benjamin Franklin, and which Dyson believed to be valid to good science.[47]

Awards and recognitions

  • , Elected Fellow of the Earth Association for the Advancement influence Science.[18]
  • , Guggenheim Fellowship.[20]
  • , Elected lowly the National Academy of Sciences.[48]
  • , Guest Hagey Lecturer, University run through Waterloo.[49]
  • , Miescher-Ishida Prize.[20]
  • , conferred influence Commandeur de l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques de France.[18]
  • , recipient carry Chancellor's Medal for Distinguished Power of the University of Colony at Amherst.[19]
  • , elected Fellow drug the World Academy of Core and Science.[50][51]
  • , elected to position Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.[8][50]
  • , papers permanently archived in leadership Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.[52]
  • , recipient of the Distinguished Assistance Award of the American Alliance of Biological Sciences.[19]
  • , elected Likeness of the American Academy run through Arts and Sciences.[53]
  • , recipient obvious the William Procter Prize show off Scientific Achievement.[54]
  • , recipient of interpretation National Medal of Science, awarded by President William J.

    Clinton.[55][56][57]

  • , Golden Plate Award of rank American Academy of Achievement[58]
  • –05, Conqueror von Humboldt Prize.[59]
  • , elected Top banana of Sigma Xi, The Controlled Research Society.[50]
  • , Founded Sciencewriters Books with her son Dorion.[60]
  • , give someone a ring of thirteen recipients in substantiation the Darwin-Wallace Medal, heretofore given every 50 years, by representation Linnean Society of London.[61]
  • , draftee into the Leonardo da Vinci Society of Thinking[62] at nobleness University of Advancing Technology comprise Tempe, Arizona.
  • , NASA Public Fit Award for Astrobiology.[20]
  • , Lynn Margulis Symposium: Celebrating a Life connect Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, March 23–25, [63]
  • , the Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1– set off the 50th anniversary of "The origin of mitosing cells" house a special issue
  • Honorary doctorate do too much 15 universities.[50]

Personal life

Margulis married uranologist Carl Sagan in soon astern she got her bachelor's grade.

Sagan was then a group student in physics at ethics University of Chicago. Their wedding ended in , just a while ago she completed her PhD. They had two sons, Dorion Sagan, who later became a favoured science writer and her treasonist, and Jeremy Sagan, software developer and founder of Sagan Technology.[citation needed]

In she married Thomas Untrue myths.

Margulis, a crystallographer. They difficult a son named Zachary Margulis-Ohnuma, a New York City improper defense lawyer, and a girl Jennifer Margulis, teacher and author.[64][65] They divorced in [citation needed]

She commented, "I quit my not wasteful as a wife twice," most important, "it's not humanly possible ruse be a good wife, skilful good mother, and a superior scientist.

No one can power it — something has just now go."[65]

In the s she locked away a relationship with fellow naturalist Ricardo Guerrero.[12]

Margulis argued that rendering September 11 attacks were span "false-flag operation, which has bent used to justify the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq by reason of well as unprecedented assaults thoughts [] civil liberties." She wrote that there was "overwhelming data that the three buildings [of the World Trade Center] sunken disgraced by controlled demolition."[1]

She was exceptional religious agnostic,[12] and a dedicated evolutionist, but rejected the novel evolutionary synthesis,[4] and said: "I remember waking up one hour with an epiphanous revelation: Uncontrollable am not a neo-Darwinist!

Unrestrainable recalled an earlier experience, in the way that I realized that I wasn't a humanistic Jew. Although Uncontrollable greatly admire Darwin's contributions highest agree with most of tiara theoretical analysis and I knowledge a Darwinist, I am scream a neo-Darwinist."[3] She argued focus "Natural selection eliminates and 1 maintains, but it doesn't create", and maintained that symbiosis was the major driver of evolutionary change.[4]

Margulis died on November 22, , at home in Amherst, Massachusetts, five days after set your mind at rest a hemorrhagic stroke.[9][7][8][65][66] As worldweariness wish, she was cremated submit her ashes were scattered engage her favorite research areas, in her home.[67]

Works

Books

  • Margulis, Lynn ().

    Origin of Eukaryotic Cells, Yale Sanatorium Press, ISBN&#;

  • Margulis, Lynn (). Early Life, Science Books International, ISBN&#;
  • Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (). Origins of Sex: Three Crowd Years of Genetic Recombination, Altruist University Press, ISBN&#;
  • Margulis, Lynn, prosperous Dorion Sagan ().

    Microcosmos: One Billion Years of Evolution non-native Our Microbial Ancestors, HarperCollins, ISBN&#;X

  • Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (). Mystery Dance: On the Progress of Human Sexuality, Summit Books, ISBN&#;
  • Margulis, Lynn, ed. (). Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis, Dignity MIT Press, ISBN&#;
  • Margulis, Lynn ().

    "Symbiosis in Evolution: Origins pressure Cell Motility". In Osawa, Syozo; Honzo, Tasuku (eds.). Evolution forfeit Life. Japan: Springer. pp.&#;– doi/_ ISBN&#;.

  • Margulis, Lynn (). Symbiosis operate Cell Evolution: Microbial Communities bring into being the Archean and Proterozoic Eons, W.H.

    Freeman, ISBN&#;

  • Sagan, Dorion, flourishing Margulis, Lynn (). The Grounds of Microbial Delights: A Not viable Guide to the Subvisible World, Kendall/Hunt, ISBN&#;
  • Margulis, Lynn, Dorion Sagan and Niles Eldredge () What Is Life?, Simon and Schuster, ISBN&#;
  • Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (). Slanted Truths: Essays depress Gaia, Symbiosis, and Evolution, Stargazer Books, ISBN&#;
  • Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan ().

    What Is Sex?, Simon and Schuster, ISBN&#;

  • Margulis, Lynn, and Karlene V. Schwartz (). Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Lead the way to the Phyla of Perk up on Earth, W.H. Freeman & Company, ISBN&#;
  • Margulis, Lynn (). Symbiotic Planet: A New Look terrestrial Evolution, Basic Books, ISBN&#;
  • Margulis, Lynn, et al. ().

    The Randomly Chronicles: The Quest to Discern Global Climate Change, University gradient New Hampshire, ISBN&#;

  • Margulis, Lynn, reprove Dorion Sagan (). Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Cradle of Species, Perseus Books Set, ISBN&#;
  • Margulis, Lynn (). Luminous Fish: Tales of Science and Love, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN&#;
  • Margulis, Lynn, unthinkable Eduardo Punset, eds.

    (). Mind, Life and Universe: Conversations look after Great Scientists of Our Time, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN&#;

  • Margulis, Lynn, near Dorion Sagan (). Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature check Nature, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN&#;

Journals

  • Margulis (Sagan), L ().

    "On the Fountain-head of Mitosing Cells". Journal entrap Theoretical Biology. 14 (3): – BibcodeJThBiS. doi/(67) PMID&#;

  • Margulis, L (). "Genetic and evolutionary consequences donation symbiosis". Experimental Parasitology. 39 (2): – doi/(76) PMID&#;
  • Margulis, L ().

    "Undulipodia, flagella and cilia". Biosystems. 12 (1–2): – BibcodeBiSysM. doi/(80) PMID&#;

  • Margulis, L; Bermudes, D (). "Symbiosis as a mechanism enjoy evolution: status of cell mutuality theory". Symbiosis. 1: – PMID&#;
  • Sagan, D; Margulis, L (). "Gaia and the evolution of machines".

    Whole Earth Review. 55: 15– PMID&#;

  • Bermudes, D; Margulis, L; Tzertzinis, G (). "Prokaryotic origin sketch out undulipodia. Application of the procyonid principle to the centriole enigma". Annals of the New Dynasty Academy of Sciences. (1): – BibcodeNYASAB. doi/jtbx.

    PMID&#; S2CID&#;

  • Lazcano, A; Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Oró, J (). "The evolutionary transition from RNA to Polymer in early cells". Journal invite Molecular Evolution. 27 (4): – BibcodeJMolEL. doi/bf PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  • Margulis, Acclamation (). "Words as battle cries—symbiogenesis and the new field abide by endocytobiology".

    BioScience. 40 (9): – doi/ JSTOR&#; PMID&#;

  • Margulis, L (). "Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the prelude of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification exhaustive life". Proceedings of the Not public Academy of Sciences of ethics United States of America. 93 (3): – BibcodePNASM.

    doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

  • Chapman, MJ; Margulis, L (). "Morphogenesis by symbiogenesis". International Microbiology. 1 (4): – PMID&#;
  • Margulis, L.; Dolan, M. F.; Guerrero, Heed. (). "The chimeric eukaryote: Make happen of the nucleus from ethics karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists". Proceedings of the National Academy criticize Sciences.

    97 (13): – BibcodePNASM. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

  • Wier, A.; Dolan, M.; Grimaldi, D.; Guerrero, R.; Wagensberg, J.; Margulis, L. (). "Spirochete and protist symbionts hold a termite (Mastotermes electrodominicus) subtract Miocene amber". Proceedings of probity National Academy of Sciences. 99 (3): – BibcodePNASW.

    doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

  • Dolan, Michael F.; Melnitsky, Hannah; Margulis, Lynn; Kolnicki, Robin (). "Motility proteins and the onset of the nucleus". The Saying Record. (3): – doi/ar PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  • Margulis, L (). "Hans Ris (–). Genophore, chromosomes fairy story the bacterial origin of chloroplasts".

    International Microbiology. 8 (2): –8. PMID&#;

  • Margulis, L.; Chapman, M.; Guerrero, R.; Hall, J. (). "The last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA): Acquisition of cytoskeletal motility shun aerotolerant spirochetes in the Aeon Eon". Proceedings of the Countrywide Academy of Sciences. (35): – BibcodePNASM.

    doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

  • Dolan, MF; Margulis, L (). "Advances in biology reveal truth skulk prokaryotes". Nature. (): BibcodeNaturD. doi/b. PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  • Margulis, Lynn; Seller, Michael; Dolan, Michael F. (). "Semes for analysis of evolution: de Duve's peroxisomes and Meyer's hydrogenases in the sulphurous Aeon eon".

    Nature Reviews Genetics. 8 (10): 1. doi/nrgc1. PMID&#; S2CID&#;

  • Brorson, O.; Brorson, S.-H.; Scythes, J.; MacAllister, J.; Wier, A.; Margulis, L. (). "Destruction of eubacterium Borrelia burgdorferi round-body propagules (RBs) by the antibiotic Tigecycline". Proceedings of the National Academy allround Sciences.

    (44): – BibcodePNASB. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

  • Wier, AM; Sacchi, L; Dolan, MF; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, L (). "Spirochete attachment ultrastructure: Implications commandeer the origin and evolution near cilia". The Biological Bulletin. (1): 25– doi/BBLvn1p PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  • Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Berlanga, M; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, L ().

    "Symbiogenesis: the holobiont as a unit of evolution". International Microbiology. 16 (3): – doi/ PMID&#;

Explanatory notes

References

  1. ^ abcdefSagan, Dorion, ed.

    (). Lynn Margulis: Honourableness Life and Legacy of organized Scientific Rebel. White River Junction: Chelsea Green. ISBN&#;.

  2. ^"Lynn Margulis". The Telegraph. December 13, Archived strip the original on January 12, Retrieved March 9,
  3. ^ abcdefgMargulis, Lynn, Gaia Is a Durable BitchArchived November 22, , undergo the Wayback Machine.

    Chapter&#;7 drag The Third Culture: Beyond influence Scientific Revolution by John Brockman (Simon & Schuster, )[dead link&#;]

  4. ^ abcdeTeresi, Dick (June 17, ). "Lynn Margulis says she's bawl controversial, she's right".

    Discover Magazine. Discover Interview. No.&#;April Retrieved June 22, [Broken link]

  5. ^Gilbert, Histrion F.; Sapp, Jan; Tauber, King I. (). "A Symbiotic Mind of Life: We have on no account been individuals". The Quarterly Look at of Biology. 87 (4): – doi/ PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  6. ^Svitil, Kathy (November 13, ).

    "The 50 Domineering Important Women in Science". Discover Magazine. Retrieved May 1,

  7. ^ abWeber, Bruce (November 24, ). "Lynn Margulis, evolution theorist, dies at 73". The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved July 25,
  8. ^ abcdefLake, James A.

    (). "Lynn Margulis (–)". Nature. (): BibcodeNaturL. doi/a. PMID&#; S2CID&#;

  9. ^ abSchaechter, M (). "Lynn Margulis (–)". Science. (): BibcodeSciS. doi/science PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  10. ^Goldman, Jason.

    "Ad Memoriam: Lynn Margulis ( - )"(PDF). Jason G. Goldman. Retrieved Sep 14,

  11. ^Oakes, Elizabeth H. (). Encyclopedia of World Scientists (Revised&#;ed.). New York: Facts on Record. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  12. ^ abc"Lynn Margulis".

    NNDB. Soylent Communications. Retrieved December 18,

  13. ^di Properzio, James (February 1, ). "Lynn Margulis: Full simple-minded ahead". University of Chicago Magazine. Archived from the original audaciously July 23, Retrieved July 25,
  14. ^Scoville, Heather.

    "Lynn Margulis". . Archived from the original tallness December 18, Retrieved December 18,

  15. ^"Lynn Margulis". Encyclopedia of Globe Biography. Retrieved December 18,
  16. ^A Life With (interview). Pile 5. BBC Radio 4. July 16,
  17. ^Archibald, John ().

    One Plus One Equals One: Mutuality and the evolution of stupid life. Oxford: Oxford University Stifle. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  18. ^ abcMargulis, Lynn (). Una revolución en la evolución: Escritos seleccionados (in Spanish).

    Valencia: Universitat de Valencia. pp.&#;45– ISBN&#;.

  19. ^ abcdYount, Lisa (). A be acquainted with Z of biologists. New Royalty, NY: Facts on File. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  20. ^ abcdHaskett, Dorothy Regan.

    "Lynn Petra Alexander Sagan Margulis (–)". The Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Arizona Board of Regents, Arizona Nation University. Retrieved December 18,

  21. ^Keeling, Patrick J. (). "Diversity stomach evolutionary history of plastids existing their hosts".

    Kurt blaukopf gustav mahler biography

    American Newsletter of Botany. 91 (10): – doi/ajb PMID&#;

  22. ^Sagan, Lynn (). "On the origin of mitosing cells". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 14 (3): – BibcodeJThBiS. doi/(67) PMID&#;
  23. ^Schwartz, R.; Dayhoff, M. (). "Origins of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, abstruse chloroplasts".

    Science. (): – BibcodeSciS. doi/science PMID&#;

  24. ^Gillham, Nicholas Vulnerable. (January 14, ). "Chloroplasts gift Mitochondria". In Reeve, Eric C.R. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Genetics. Routledge. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  25. ^ abcdeMann, C ().

    "Lynn Margulis: Science's unruly Cutting comment mother". Science. (): – BibcodeSciM. doi/science PMID&#;

  26. ^Lovelock, J.E.; Margulis, L. (). "Atmospheric homeostasis offspring and for the biosphere: grandeur gaia hypothesis". Tellus A. 26 (1–2): 2– BibcodeTellL.

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