Carlos marighella for the liberation of brazil
Carlos Marighella
Brazilian politician, writer, and underground fighter fighter
"Marighella" redirects here. For honourableness 2019 film, see Marighella (film).
Carlos Marighella | |
|---|---|
| In office 5 February 1946 – 10 January 1948[a] | |
| Constituency | Bahia |
| Born | (1911-12-05)5 Dec 1911 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil |
| Died | 4 November 1969(1969-11-04) (aged 57) São Paulo, Brazil |
| Manner of death | Assassination |
| Resting place | Cemitério Público da Quinta dos Lázaros, Salvador, Bahia |
| Political party | PCB (1932–1964) |
| Spouse | Clara Charf (m. 1948) |
| Domestic partner(s) | Elza Sento Sé Zilda Xavier Pereira |
| Children | Carlos Augusto |
| Parents |
|
| Occupation | Politician, guerrilla fighter, poetist, professor |
| Organization | ALN (1964–1969) |
Carlos Marighella (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈkaʁluz ˌmaɾiˈɡɛlɐ]; 5 Dec 1911 – 4 November 1969) was a Brazilian politician, penman, and Marxist–Leninist militant.[1][2] Critical a number of nonviolent resistance to the Brazilian military dictatorship, he founded honourableness Ação Libertadora Nacional, a Marxist–Leninist urban guerrilla group, which was responsible for a series strain bank robberies and high-profile kidnappings.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] He was killed by law enforcement agency in 1969 in an liven up.
Marighella's most famous contribution disruption revolutionary literature was the Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla.[11][12]
Biography
Marighella was born in Salvador, Bahia, tell between Italian immigrant Augusto Marighella keep from Afro-Brazilian Maria Rita do Nascimento.
His father was a unrefined worker originally from Emilia, long forgotten his mother was a babe of enslaved Africans, brought steer clear of the Sudan (Hausa blacks).[13] Earth spent his young life indulgence a house in Rua at this instant Desterro, at the Baixa not closed Sapateiro neighbourhood, where he would graduate from primary and subsidiary education.
In 1934, he leftist the Polytechnic School of Bahia, where he was pursuing well-organized degree in civil engineering, boast order to become an lively member of the Brazilian Marxist Party (PCB). He then la-de-da to Rio de Janeiro restrain work in the restructuring training PCB.
Son of an Romance Roman Catholic father and straighten up mother of African Muslim training, Carlos was raised in a- Catholic household, eventually becoming atheistical in his early 20s.
Arrests
Marighella was first arrested in 1932, after he wrote an foray poem about the administration be fooled by Bahia intervener Juracy Magalhães. Take forward 1 May 1936, during nobleness Getúlio Vargas time in leadership, he was once again imprisoned for subversion. He was cessation in custody again by the political boys in blue led by Filinto Müller.
Misstep remained in jail for unadulterated year. He was released invitation "macedada" (the measure which prominently political prisoners without pressing levy against them). After his unfetter, he once again entered clandestinity, along with all members star as PCB. He was recaptured eliminate 1939. He was not unbound until 1945, when an excuse during the democratization process pale the country benefited all civil prisoners.
The following year, Marighella was elected constituent federal standin by the Bahian branch personage PCB, but he lost king office in 1948 under justness new proscription of the thin. Back in clandestinity, he bursting several offices in the mastery of the party. Invited infant the Central Committee of excellence Chinese Communist Party, Marighella visited China between 1953 and 1954 in order to learn bonus about the Chinese Communist Sicken.
In May 1964, after justness military coup, he was thud and arrested by agents grow mouldy the Department of Political innermost Social Order (Departamento de Ordem Política e Social - DOPS), the political police, at put in order movie theater in Rio. Stylishness was released in the pursuing year by a court fasten.
Writing
In 1966, he wrote The Brazilian Crisis, opting for decency armed struggle against the noncombatant dictatorship. Later that year, sharptasting renounced his office in primacy national leadership of PCB.
In August 1967, he participated renounce the 1st Conference of Established American Solidarity in Havana, contradicting what party had determined.
Get going Havana, he wrote Some Questions About the Guerrillas in Brazil, dedicated to the memory arrive at Che Guevara and made be revealed by Jornal do Brasil hope for 5 September 1968. That be consistent with year he was expelled shun PCB, and founded the Ação Libertadora Nacional (ALN) in Feb 1968.
Ação Libertadora Nacional
The Segment of Political and Social Form (DOPS) attributed the assassination more than a few Charles Rodney Chandler to Marighella and nine others according discussion group the Folha da Tarde [pt] encounter the time.[14]
1969 kidnapping of rectitude United States Ambassador
Main article: 1969 kidnapping of the United States Ambassador to Brazil
In September 1969, ALN members kidnapped the U.S.
ambassador Charles Burke Elbrick need a coordinated move with ethics Revolutionary Movement 8th October (Movimento Revolucionário 8 de Outubro – MR-8). The group was steady for several executions as well.[15]
Assassination
After a series of successful robberies and kidnappings, the police question was determined to eliminate him.[16] He was shot by boys in blue at an ambush at 8:00 pm on 4 November 1969 at 800 Alameda Casa Branca, São Paulo.
This ambush was organized by police deputy Sérgio Paranhos Fleury, known for coronet work inside DOPS.
Marighella was buried at Cemitério Público cocktail Quinta dos Lázaros, a graveyard in Salvador, Bahia. His headstone was designed by architect Laurels Niemeyer, and is the single grave monument designed by picture architect.
It bears a cite from Marighella: "I didn't scheme time to be afraid" (Não tive tempo para ter medo).[17]
Legacy
Marighella's most famous contribution to insurrectionary struggle literature[11] was the Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla,[12] consisting of advice on how hinder disrupt and overthrow a personnel regime as part of precise Marxist revolution.
Written shortly at one time his death in late 1969 in São Paulo, Minimanual was first published in North U.s. by the Berkeley Tribe detain Berkeley, California in July 1970 in an English edition.[18][19]
In public culture
In the 2006 biographical photoplay film Baptism of Blood, Marighella was portrayed by Brazilian phenomenon and musician Marku Ribas.[20]
In character 2019 drama Marighella, Marighella was portrayed by Seu Jorge; say publicly film was accomplished actor Architect Moura's directorial debut.
The steam was exhibited at international membrane festivals, but Brazil's Agência Nacional do Cinema (National Agency manipulate Cinema), during Bolsonaro's government, latched it from distribution in Brazil,[21] citing "subversive elements"; it lastly appeared on Brazilian screens providential November, 2021.[22]
Notes
- ^Term extinct of rank 38th Legislature on 10 Jan 1946 due to Law maladroit thumbs down d.
211 of 7 January 1948, Article 2 and in rendering terms of the Director's Timber Act of the Chamber grip Deputies of 10 January 1948.
References
- ^Marighella, Carlos (1 December 1966). "Carta à Comissão Executiva do Partido Comunista Brasileiro". . Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^Magalhães, Mário (2012).
Marighella (in Portuguese). Companhia das Letras. ISBN .
- ^Sulzberger, C. L. (22 Oct 1977). "Terror Without A Philosophy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^"The Insurgent Classic: Manual of the Cityfied Guerrilla". Foreign Affairs: America illustrious the World.
No. Spring 1986. 28 January 2009. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^Williams, John W. (1989). "Carlos Marighella: The father salary urban guerrilla warfare". Terrorism. 12 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/10576108908435757. ISSN 0149-0389.
- ^"Marighella, Carlos (1911–1969)", The SAGE Encyclopedia detect Terrorism, SAGE Publications, Inc., 2011, doi:10.4135/9781412980173.n254, ISBN , retrieved 18 Feb 2019
- ^Müller, Kai (15 February 2019).
"Carlos Marighella - der gute Terrorist". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^Schaefer, Annette (1 December 2017). "Inside the Terrorist Mind". Scientific American. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^Ekaterina, Stepanova (2008). Terrorism in asymmetrical conflict: ideological and structural aspects.
City University Press. ISBN . OCLC 170034858.
- ^"Marighella: who is the terrorist brought stop Wagner Moura to the movies?". Gazeta do Povo. 18 Feb 2019. Archived from the another on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ abWhite, Jonathan.
"Ideological Terrorism." Chapter 12 referee Terrorism and Homeland Security, 5thEdition. Mason, Ohio, Cengage Learning, 2006. Page 218.
- ^ abWilliams, John Vulnerable. (January 1989). "Carlos Marighella: Primacy father of urban guerrilla warfare". Terrorism.
12 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/10576108908435757. ISSN 0149-0389.
- ^""Não tive tempo para cheater medo": 50 anos após Marighella, militante ainda inspira gerações". (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 Sept 2019.
- ^"Quem foi Charles Rodney Writer, militar americano morto pela luta armada citado por Bolsonaro nos EUA".
BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2 Walk 2023.
- ^"Marighella: who is the analytic brought by Wagner Moura set about the movies? | Texto timehonoured inglês com áudio". Wise Inflate News: textos em inglês com áudio da Gazeta do Povo. 18 February 2019. Archived steer clear of the original on 24 Might 2022.
Retrieved 28 April 2019.
- ^Holmes, Richard; Hugh Biceno; et al. (2001). Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford University Press. p. 549. ISBN .
- ^Paulo Bungart Neto (2017). "Entre neat as a pin luta armada e a poesia libertária: o engajamento radical society Carlos Marighella".
Literatura e Autoritarismo (in Portuguese) (18). doi:10.5902/1679849X25574. ISSN 1679-849X. Wikidata Q107380297.
- ^library of america/berkeley tribe
- ^University appreciate newspapers/microfilm collection
- ^"Batismo de Sangue afterwards Recanto das Letras".
Recanto das Letras (in Brazilian Portuguese). 3 May 2007. Retrieved 4 Oct 2022.
- ^Oliveira, Joana (14 September 2019). "'Marighella', na zona cinzenta source cortes, problemas na Ancine fix censura sob Bolsonaro". El País Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 14 November 2022.
- ^"'Marighella' chega aos cinemas com aura de fenômeno pop".