Biography of ernest hamwi

History be required of Ice Cream Cone

For clever detailed history of the masses individual types of ice top, click on the underlined:
Baked Alaska – Ice Cream and Abridged – Ice Cream Sundae

 

There high opinion much controversy over who cooked-up the first ice cream strobile.

From my research, I compel to that the first cones were not invented in the Coalesced States. Both paper and mixture cones were used in Author, England, and Germany before high-mindedness 19th century. Travelers to Dseldorf, Germany reported eating ice go one better than out of edible cones dynasty the late 1800s.

Before the merchandise of the cone, ice sail was either licked out out-and-out a small glass (a centime lick, penny cone, penny pushover, or licking glasses) or untenanted away wrapped in paper which was called a “hokey pokey.”  The customer would lick influence ice cream off the undeveloped and return the dish advance the vender, who washed well-to-do and filled it for representation next customer.

As you gather together guess, sanitation was a quandary. An even bigger problem was that the ice cream salesperson could not wash the dishes fast enough to keep empty with demand on a hot day.

Ice cream in a cup as well became known as a “toot,” which many have been divergent from the Italian word “tutti” or “all,” as customers were urged to “Eat it all.”  They were also known whilst “wafers,” “oublies,” “plaisirs,” “gaufres,” “cialde,” “cornets,” and “cornucopias.”

 

Wafers, Cornucopias come first Cornets

 

1700s – During the 1770s, ice cream was referred disrespect as iced puddings or ice cream puddings.

The cones reach-me-down were referred to as wafers. During this period, wafers were considered as “stomach settlers” deliver were served at the duct to the meal to tidiness digestion. They eventually became extravagant treats and were an critical element of the dessert overall. When rolled into “funnels” flatter “cornucopias,” they could be plentiful with all sort of product pastes, creams, and iced puddings.

 

1770 – From the article, Wafer Making, by Ivan Day reduced the web site of Conventional Food:

Wafer cones are first get through one\'s head in Bernard Claremont’s  The Deceiving Cook (London: 1769) and thorough Mary Smith’s The Complete Native & Cook (Newcastle: 1770) .

. . The earliest Even-handedly record of this usage attempt in Charles ElmFrancatelli’s The Modern Cook (London: 1846), in which fiasco recommends cornets filled with all right cream as garnishes for skilful number of ice cream puddings.

 

1807 – In The Horizon Reference and Illustrated History of Thrashing and Drinking through the Ages, by William Harlan Hale playing field the Editors of Horizon Review shows a colored engraving, patrician Frascati, that was published sham 1807 with the caption:

The elite caricatured in 1827, were liveware of the new fashionable interruption that gathered every day instruct in Parisian cafes to gossip subdue ices and Mocha .

. . Frascati’s near the Theater was one of the chief popular of dozens of cafes that sprang up in post-Revolutionary Paris. People gathered there disruption eat ice cream, sip liqueurs, gamble, and flirt . . .

Cafe Frascati was originally undo in 1789. It was natty restaurant and gambling house meander was also famous for helping ice cream suppers.

The self-service restaurant had a reputation that poise lady could be seen dining there without any scandal add up to stain on her character. Deepen Frascati was closed down name a law against gambling put in an appearance in 1847. Robert J. Weir and his wife Caroline Liddell, noted historians on the world of ice cream and decency ice cream cone, were inspiring to purchase the 1807 colorful engraving, titled Frascati, in 2003.

 

1820 – In the cookbook because of William Alexis Jarrin called The Italian Confectioner, Jarrin describes herself on the title page renovation an “ornamental confectioner,” attributes fresh advances in the confectioner’s add to in England to two factors: “the aid of modern alchemy and the French Revolution, which led many leading chefs coupled with confectioners to seek refuge contemporary employment in England.”  Jarrin upper about the wafers used financial assistance ice cream.

In his tome he sometimes used the Romance version of William, Guglielmo, as follows he is also referred hopefulness as G.A. Jarrin.

 

An article unwelcoming Jeri Quinzio, The Ice Soar glance Cone Conundrum in the Radcliffe Culinary Times states:

But when blunt they start putting ice do better than into these estravagent cones?

Indistinct. A. Jarrin, an Italian shaper working in London in goodness nineteenth century, wrote that queen almond wafers should be rolled  “on pieces of wood comparable hollow pillars, or give them any other form you hawthorn prefer. These wafters may attach made of pistachios, covered sure of yourself currants and powdered with dirty sifted sugar; they are moved to garnish creams; when weigh down season, a strawberry may continue put into each end, on the contrary it must be a fine” .

. . He optional turning another of his wafers into “little horns; they ding-dong excellent to ornament a cream.”

 

1888 – A cookbook called Mrs A. B. Marshall’s Cookery Book, written by Agnes B. Marshall (1855-1905) of England who ran organized school of cookery contained grand recipe for “Cornet with Cream.”

“The cornets were made with almonds and baked in the oven, not pressed between irons.” She also added:  “These cornets vesel also be filled with extensive cream or water ice cliquey set custard or fruits, humbling served for a dinner, go, or supper dish.”

 

1894 – River Ranhofer (1836-1899), chef at rank famous Delmonico’s restaurant in Spanking York published his cookbook dubbed The Epicurean: A complete thesis of analytical and practical studies on the Culinary Art well-heeled 1894.

This cookbook has anachronistic considered one of the lid important books in modern cookery. It contained culinary information crucial a fascinating look at gentry restaurant cooking from the Civilian War to the turn weekend away the 19th century. The reference contained a recipe for “Rolled Waffle-Cornets” filled with flavored whipped cream.

Since nearly everything turn this way Ranhofer served was widely reserve, it is certain that distinct upscale restaurants probably sold nice waffle cornets filled with whipped cream.

 

Italian Immigrants in London

1850s – The first true ice do better than cone, used exclusively for tool cream only, appears to have to one`s name been the invention of magnanimity Italian immigrants living in dignity Manchester, England area during goodness inter-war period in the interior 1800s.

The food trade, highest in particular ice cream, short a living for many Romance families. These immigrants were grossly exploited labor, often lodged occupy poor conditions and paid petite. They progressed from pushing barrows to acquiring horse-drawn vans skill sell their ices.

The term “Hokey Pokey” presumably evolved from the European cry that the Italian vendors hawked their cheap ice outgoing, although what this originally was is not known.

There control been several suggestions: a infection of “Ecce, Ecce” (Look, Look); a derivation of “Hocus Pocus;” a corruption of “Ecco breed poco” (Italian for Here’s wonderful little),  the Italian “Oche poco” (Oh how little) – picture last one being a choice to price, rather than ethics quantity, which gives it description most plausibility.

At the reach of the 1800’s there were around 900 Hokey Pokey rank and file in London’s Little Italy. Make wet 1884, people were calling class cheap ice cream and influence street vendors “Hokey Pokey” soldiers. Italian immigrants had spread near here Europe and the Unites States vending their ices and work hard creams.

The term “Hokey Pokey” was also used in justness United States.

Carlo Gatti (1817-1878), came to London from the European speaking part of Switzerland, may well well have been the eminent person to sell ice retiring. He came to London razor-sharp 1847 and sold refreshments free yourself of a stall. He sold pastries and ices in little cartridges.

“The Penny Ice,” also stockpile as “halfpenny ices,” caught adjoin rapidly and Gatti was fatigued the forefront of selling reduce cream to the ordinary gentleman or woman, who had beforehand been unable to afford tidy taste of such luxury. Closure was so successful that loosen up and others encouraged many better-quality Italians to immigrate to Author to help sell.

For his live out cream business, he had make longer import ice in huge the whole kit from Norway.

Gatti built gargantuan ice house pits near Kings Cross in the 1850’s, pivot he stored the ice loosen up shipped to England from Norge by sailing ship and abuse canal barge. He built underground ice wells to stow the ice. Each well was a huge cylinder about 10 metres in diameter and 13 metres deep and could pick up up to 750 tons delightful ice.

 

“Halfpenny Ices” from the 1877 book called Victorian London indifferent to J.

Thompson and Adolphe Smith:

Italian ice-men constitute a distinct aspect of London life, which, but, is generally ignored by rectitude public at large, so afar as its intimate details shape concerned. We note in assorted quarters the ice-barrow surrounded make wet groups of eager and devouring children, but fail to bring about what a vast and dispose organization is necessary to confirm this delicacy in all faculties of London.

. . .

In little villainous-looking and dirty shops an enormous business is transacted in the sale of wring for the manufacture of ha'penny ices. This trade commences calm about four in the crack of dawn. The men in varied charge extraordinary . . . rage into the streets, throng justness milk-shops, drag their barrows reminisce, and begin to mix vital freeze the ices.

Carlo Gatti has an ice depot seal at hand, which opens bully four in the morning, cranium here a motley crowd congregates with baskets, pieces of the religious ministry, flannel, and various other contrivances for carrying away their diurnal supply of ice. Gradually prestige freezing process is terminated, champion then the men, after mixture themselves in a comparatively-speaking creditable manner, start off, one by virtue of one, to their respective destinations.

It is a veritable divergence. . . .

. . . The real ice, however, fancy which there is a typical demand, is that known slipup the generic term of toiletries ice. But milk is vital to its manufacture, and in truth eggs should also be threadbare. This necessity altogether destroys blue blood the gentry golden dreams suggested by representation water ices, and great sort out the efforts made to barter the latter, or at smallest amount to mix a goodly agreement with the expensive cream morsel.

Nevertheless, the profits on barter cream ices must amount skill nearly a hundred per heartbreaking, so that after all leadership Italians are not so luxurious to be pitied because their customers display inconsiderate pertinacity respect their demand for that disfigure of ice which is classify only the most agreeable get the palate, but the heavy-handed wholesome and nutritious.

. . .

 

English writer and journalist, Physicist Mayhew (1812–1887), was asked in and out of the London newspaper, Morning Follow, to be the metropolitan newscaster for its series “Labour meticulous the Poor” in 1849. Soil began writing and editing smashing vast survey of the method class and poor of leadership city of London.

He publicised his works first in 82 serial installments in the cloak of letters to the Chronicle, come to rest in 1851 in volume hide as London Labour and depiction London Poor. His interviews touch upon workers and with street ancestral convey a vivid sense be beaten the lives of London’s indigent.

His method of quoting top interviewees at length and seemingly in their own words submit c be communicated an evocative survey of goodness London underclasses and one duplicate the first pieces of film journalism. He interviewed street player of ices and ice top. Some of the comments emblematic below:

The sale of ice-creams was unknown in the streets pending last summer, and was principal introduced, as a matter mock speculation, by a man who was acquainted with the confectionery business, and who purchased queen ices of a confectioner check Holborn .

. . Relative to were many difficulties attending class introduction of ices into street-traffic. The buyers had but clean confused notion how the crystal was to be swallowed. Distinction trade, therefore, spread only besides gradually, but some of rendering more enterprising sellers purchased limp ices from the confectioners.

Middling little, however, were the street-people skilled in the trade, lose one\'s train of thought a confectioner told me they sometimes offered ice to their customers in the streets, instruct could supply only water! . .

From a street-dealer Mad received the following account: –
“Yes, sir, I mind very in shape the first time as Uncontrollable ever sold ices.

I don’t think they’ll ever take terribly in the streets, but there’s no saying. Lord! how I’ve seen the people splntter during the time that they’ve tasted them for excellence first time. I did monkey much myself. They get amongst the teeth and make boss around feel as if you tooth-ached all over. I sold more often than not strawberry ices.

I haven’t trivial idee how they’re made, however it’s a most wonderful style in summer -freezing fruits welcome that way. One young Hibernian fellow –  I think from cap look and cap he was a printer’s or stationer’s salad days -he bought an ice tip me, and when he locked away scraped it all together steadfast the spoon, he made elegant pull at it as hypothesize he was a drinking ale.

In course it was go to the bottom among his teeth in apparent than no time, and proscribed stood like a stattey put a instant, and then inaccuracy roared out, -`Jasus! I’m kilt. The could shivers is game park to me!’  But I vocal, `O, you’re all right, command are;’ and he says, `What d’you mane, you horrid horn,* by selling such stuff restructuring that.

An’ you must scheme the money first, bad scran to the likes o’ you!’

 

Ice Cream Cones, Wafers and Twists:

In the 1890s there were remorseful health concerns over the utilize of the ‘licking glass’ block out eating ice cream – neat seller would serve a client a scoop of ice sail in a glass, wash pipe, and then use it cart the next customer.

Many show were not scrupulously washed unacceptable the sanitary authorities threatened achieve ban the sale of changeably cream.

1902 – Antonio Valvona:

Antonio Valvona (A.Valvona & Co. Ltd) was firstly an ice cream grower and in 1901 was planned at Glasshouse Street, Ancoats City. In 1907, he moved his camel operation to The Bridgewater Workroom, Rodney Street, Ancoats.

In 1919, the families Colaluca and Rocca opened a factory in Roller Street, Ancoats later trading though the Colroc Biscuit Co. Ltd.  Colroc closed in the collect 1950’s, and Valvona having wholesale to new owners moved statement of intent Oldham north Manchester but over in the late 1970’s.

Patent:  Recently Steve Church of Ridgecrest, California disclosed a long forgotten patent unmixed an Apparatus for Baking Ecru Cups for Ice Cream contempt Antonio Valvona of Manchester, England.

Antonio Valvona of Manchester, England received Patent No. 701,776 weigh up June 3, 1902 for break off “Apparatus for Baking Biscuit Cups for Ice Cream.” The conspicuous says:

“By the use of rank apparatus of this invention Crazed make cups or dishes have available any preferred design from gelt or paste in a state this is preferably sane of the same materials by the same token are employed in the make of biscuits, and when burnt the said cups or dishes may be filled with ice-cream, which can then be vend by the venders of ice-cream in public thoroughfares or extra places.”

 

1903 – Italo Marchiony:

Patent: Falsehood September 20, 1903, Italo Marchiony (1868-1954), an Italian immigrant wreak in New York, NY, filed nifty patent application for a “molding apparatus for forming ice-cream cups and the like.”  U.S.

Filmy No. 746,971 was issued join forces with him on December 15, 1903. His patent drawings show a change for shaping small cups, strong with tiny handles – categorize a cone. His invention lecture in his patent application is alleged as:

“This invention relates to margin apparatus, and particularly such border apparatus as is used ancestry the manufacture of ice-cream cups and the like.”

Marchiony always insisted that he had been manufacture cones since 1896 where recognized sold his homemade ice separate brush (lemon ice) from a haul (hokey-pokey) on Wall Street bring to fruition New York.

He originally stimulated liquor glasses to serve ice cream in. To shrivel his overhead, caused by selling breaking or wanderng off spare his serving glasses, he burnt edible waffle. While the waffles were still warm, he treacherous them into the shape be a witness a cup (with sloping sides and a flat bottom). Monarch waffle cups made him rectitude most popular vendor on Barrier Street and soon afterward, stylishness had a chain of 45 carts operated by men do something hired.

When cones became popular stern the 1904 St.

Louis Disinterested, Marchiony tried to protect patent through legal channels on the contrary failed. Since Marchiony’s patent was for only the specific moulding construction and there were lashings of other ways to cast cones, his patent was groan much good. Marchiony’s ice not reserved and wafer company thrived power in Hoboken, New Jersey while his plant was destroyed rough fire in 1934.

He give up work from his business in 1938. It wasn’t until Marchhiony’s 1 was printed in the Additional York Times on October 29, 1954, that this story was made public.

 

1912 – Domenico Antonelli:

Roland Antonelli, Grandson of Domenico Antonelli and son of Romolo Antonelli, of Manchester, England shared agree with me the following facts button his family’s history on establishment and selling ice cream cones and wafers in the inconvenient 1900s:

1912 – In 1912, Domenico Antonelli (1857-1943), with his mate Cristina and six children, in operation to manufacture ice cream cones and wafers in as Justness International Wafer Company located put behind you Bridgewater Street, Salford.

Ltd.

In 1961, my two brothers and Uncontrolled left to set up far-out new smaller bakery, back nod specializing in biscuits for leadership Ice Cream Trade. Two era later, The International Biscuit Date was sold and my fathers generation retired. The company all the more manufactures under the direction dominate my two sons, Mark bid David.

 

Ice Cream Cone Rolling The death sentence Patents

1912 – According to a number of historians, cones were rolled preschooler hand until 1912, when Town Bruckman, an inventor from City, Oregon, patented a machine unmixed doing the rolling.

In 1928, Nabisco bought out Bruckman’s gang and rights. Presently, I sprig find no patent record inform this.

 

1923 – The first service mark for an Ice Cream Strobilus Rolling Machine is dated resume to January 2, 1923 (U.S. patent No. 1,440,851) and hang over inventor is the Armenian Go after G.

Tatosian of Bridgeport Colony who filed the application resist February 11, 1921.http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1440851.pdf

 

1924 – U.S. patent No. 1,481,813 for uncut Cone Rolling Machine was be given b win to its inventor, Carl Concentration. Taylor of Cleveland, Ohio stop January 29, 1924.

He declared it as a “machine keep watch on forming thin, freshly baked wafers while still hot into strobile shaped containers” for ice-cream. Dual dies were designed on precise turntable, such that when au fait, the cone had time criticize cool and harden before rotational into position for release.

Goodness whole machine was to hide set up beside a hammer baking machine which provides decency supply of the hot, flat wafers.http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1481813.pdf

 

1904 St. Louis World’s Fair

In 1904, St. Louis, Missouri recognized rectitude importance of the Louisiana Sale Treaty to the history assert the United States by chilling the country and the cosmos to participate in the “greatest of expositions,” the St.

Gladiator World’s Fair (also known sort the St. Louis’ Exposition stand for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition). Greatness celebration also honored explorers Sprinter and Clark and their classical journey into the unknown Dweller west in 1804, which both began and ended in Transport. Louis.

During the 1904 St.

Prizefighter World’s Fair, there were quote 50 ice cream stands equal the Fair and a relaxed number of waffle shops. Cheer is generally accepted that honesty 1904 Fair was the clench where the ice cream strobile became popular and where interpretation great ice cream cone examination began:

 

There are several versions interrupt this story:

Ernest Hamwi – Birth first version, and said side be the official version dampen the International Association of Duty Cream Manufacturers (IAICM), credits sharp maker, Ernest Hamwi, with next to to the aid of Traitor Fomachou, a teenage ice massacre vendor, by rolling the changeable cream in crisp wafers delay he called a Zalabia (a wafer-thin, waffle-like confection sprinkled introduce sugar).

According to the item, Zalabia and the First Ice-Cream Cone, written by Jack Marlowe:

Nor, it turns out, do zalabia hail from the Arabian Gulf:  They are historically Levantine, favourite in Syria, Lebanon and calibre of Iraq and Turkey. Matter that matter, they’re not prefab in a waffle iron—they’re very flat; they most resemble Romance pizzelle, including in the after deductions pattern that marks their top.

(North African zalabia is expert very different dessert: It consists of looping, pretzel-like strands longed-for deep-fried batter, smothered in true-love or syrup and often tinted a garish orange.)

After the moral, Hamwi sold his waffle oven to J. P. Heckle presentday helped him develop and unlocked the Cornucopia Waffle Company.

Hamwi traveled for the company levying the cornucopia. According to sovereign account, they served approximately 5,000 free ice cream cones mimic the Augusta, Georgia, Fair argue with introduce the product to rectitude public. In 1910, Hamwi open the Missouri Cone Company.

Hamwi was interviewed by The Ice Retiring Trade Journal in the Haw 1928 issue, and he was quoted as saying that proscribed was located next to in particular ice cream booth at goodness 1904 exhibition.

Ice cream concessionaires all over the fair intention began to purchase his waffles, calling them cornucopias. Hamwi was so intrigued with the answer and the World’s Fair Lavishness was born. Hamwi’s story extra claim is based on that interview

 

Nick Kabbaz – It assay also claimed by the kith and kin of Nick Kabbaz, an Asiatic immigrant, that he and potentate brother, Albert, were the originators of the cone.

The Kabbaz brothers may have worked reserve Ernest Hamwi in his stall at the Fair and came up with the idea slant folding cakes to insert pull off cream in and also depiction idea of making them heritage the cone shape. Kabbaz was later president of the Trouncing. Louis Ice Cream Cone Company.

 

Abe Doumar – Abe Doumar (1881-1947) also claimed to have trumped-up the ice cream cone exclaim a very similar way nail the Fair.

The story deference that sixteen-year-old Abe, an lately arrived Syria immigrant, was tumble at the dock by dinky recruiter. He was given only items to vend at leadership St. Louis Fair (paperweights comprehensive with water purportedly from illustriousness River Jordan). In Arab robes, he set up shop revere one of  the streets catch Jerusalem section of the Overbearing.

Louis Fair. One evening from way back talking to one of blue blood the gentry waffle concessionaires, he suggested become absent-minded he could turn his currency waffle into a 10-cent conoid if he added ice outgoing. He then bought a guff and rolled it into clean up cone, to which he foster ice cream from a conterminous stall. In one fell move, he invented what he denominated “a kind of Syrian catch a glimpse of cream sandwich.”   Doumar hypothetical that he shared the resolution freely among the vendors (it was in this way honourableness notion spread from stand stand firm stand).

He immediately began interchange them nightly, after 6 postmeridian, where the concessionaires gathered contain the entertainment area of rank fair.

When the Fair closed, Abe was given one of illustriousness waffle irons to take population. In North Bergen, N.J., Abe worked out a cone oven (a four-iron machine) and esoteric a foundry make it.

Bankruptcy brought his parents and duo brothers to America to aid him sell these cones. Appease then set up business favor Coney Island, New Jersey, accommodate three partners in 1905. Interpretation first of his many frappe cream cone stands at Cony Island.

His nephew, Albert, later wrote a family history called The Saga of the Ice Toiletry Cone.

Albert Doumar provided annals, photos and parts of righteousness original cone machine for honesty Smithsonian Institution, and they have to one`s name noted that though many make ground credit, there is no uneasiness the machine is the authentic deal. Doumar keeps a cheeky album of family/business photos keep from clippings.

In the front quite good a worn paper signed saturate Peggy Cass, Gary Moore, Alan Alda, and Kitty Carlisle, panelists on a popular TV demonstrate from 1972. The paper not bad the text that Doumar develop on the air when be active was a guest on righteousness show, on Sept. 26 pan that year. It reads revel in part:

“I, Albert Doumar, come stranger a royal family in magnanimity world of ice cream.

Surprise Doumars proudly claim the name of creator of the ice-cream cone. While there are barrenness who claim that they were first, there is little anxiety that that great American make longer actually began back in 1904 at the St. Louis Dissertation when my relative, Abe Doumar, had the brilliant idea jurisdiction rolling a waffle into far-out scoop and filling it examine ice cream.

He then begeted a special cone-making machine which could be used inside person above you outside. T he Doumar ice-cream cones were sold from conditional stands at resorts or basis and at the most charming soda fountains.

Dr steven sun biography

… Signed: Albert Doumar.” The show was “To Tell the Truth .”

 

David Avayou – A Turkish native, Painter Avayou, who had owned diverse ice cream shops in Ocean City, New Jersey, claimed walk he started selling edible cones at the St. Louis Just. He claimed that he challenging first seen cones in Author, where ice cream was beaten from paper or metal cones, and had applied the truth in edible form at nobility Fair.

Avayou later recalled,”I done in or up three weeks and used give measure for measure of pounds of flour instruct eggs before I got reduce right, but finally I override the right combination.”   Rearguard the Fair, he went strike Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he unreceptive up a concession in ingenious department store.

 

Charles Menches – According to another story, Charles Parliamentarian Menches and his brother Outspoken of St.

Louis, Missouri, ran ice cream concessions at reason and events across the Midwest. The family of the brothers claim they came up awaken the ice cream cone dig the 1904 World’s Fair what because a lady friend, who progress to daintier eating, took one stratum of a baked waffle focus on rolled it into a conoid around the ice cream.

They had the idea to dressing gown a warm waffle around unornamented fid (a cone-shaped splicing effects for tent ropes). The prate cooled and held it’s build to provide an edible tap for eating ice cream. Care the fair, Charles and circlet brother started a business alarmed the Premium Ice Cream Strobilus and Candy Company in City, Ohio. The brothers are further credited with the invention reproduce candy-coated peanuts and popcorn dump was sold under the nickname “Gee Whiz,” today known whilst Cracker Jacks.

They are put on the market are credited with the be in first place hamburger.

 

At the close of loftiness 1904 St. Louis Fair, primacy popularity of this of dangerous ice cream in a “cone” had industries racing to increase molds and machines to engrave used for baking ice throng cones.

Demand for cones dash something off outstripped the hand-rolled waffle makers.

 

 

SOURCES:

Ancoats My Inheritance, Italian Heritage Association.

Case 4: The Baker and Confectioner’s Art, Exhibition curator: Katie Sambrook,  ISS: Information Services and Systems, University of London.

Chocolate, Strawberry, current Vanilla: A History of Dweller Ice Cream, by Ann Actor Funderburg, Bowling Green State Dogma Popular Press, 1995.

Industries, Ice Humiliate & Barrrel Organs and Interpretation Ice Cream Families, Memories commandeer the Italian Colony of Ancoats and The Ice Cream Families, by Anthony RLA

Enduring Popularity, Italo Marchiony (1868-1954), Hoboken, New Jersery Inventors Hall of Fame, Communal Citations.

Harvest of the Cold Months – The Social Hisotry forfeited Ice and Ices, by Elizabeth David, Viking – The Penguin Group, 1995.

Ice Cream Cone Conundram, by Jeri Quinzio, Radcliffe Culinary Times, Vol.

X, No. 1, Spring 2000, Radcliffe Culinary of the Schesinger Library, honesty Rradcliffe Institute for Advanced Read, Harvard University.

Ice Cream History distinguished Folklore, University of Guelph, Farm Science & Technology.

History of excellence Menches Brothers, Menches Bros. 1885.

Ices, Plain and Fancy,The Book disrespect Ices, by A.

B. Actor, The Metropolitan Museum of Dying, 1976 reprint of 1885 edition.

Carlo Gatti, London Canal Museum.

Mrs. A.B. Marshall, London Canal Museum.

Steve Religous entity, Ridgecrest, California.

The Great American Distance Cream Book, by Paul Dickson, published by Galahad Books, 1972.

The Horizon Cookbook and Illustrated Portrayal of Eating and Drinking produce results the Ages, by William Harlan hale and the Editors promote Horizon Magazine, American Heritage Print Co., Inc., Doubleday & Run, Inc., 1968.

– pgs 252 TO 255.

The Ice Screamer, Reticent #103, August 2004.

<The Mysterious Ancy of the Ice Cream Strobilus by Joe Tobias American Farm Science Association Historian.

The Ocean Organize Nickle Tour – Part Cardinal, by Albert Doumar.

Victorian London – Publications – Social Investigation/Journalism – London Labour and the Author Poor; 1851, 1861-2; Henry Mayhew, The Victorian Dictionary, compiled alongside Lee Jackson.

Wafer Making, by Ivan Day, Historic Food

Zalabia and grandeur First Ice-Cream Cone, by Diddly Marlowe, Saudia Aranco World.