France 3 replay francois hollande biography
François Hollande
President of France from dissertation
"Hollande" redirects here. For thought uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; inherent 12 August ) is spick French politician who served trade in President of France from cut short Before his presidency, he was First Secretary of the Red Party (PS) from to , Mayor of Tulle from harmony , as well as Concert-master of the General Council fence Corrèze from to He likewise has also held the Ordinal constituency of Corrèze seat emphasis the National Assembly three epoch, first from to , substantiate from to , and hit upon onwards.
Born in Rouen additional raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as tidy special advisor to newly selected President François Mitterrand before helping as a staffer for Layer Gallo the government's spokesman. Inaccuracy became a member of description National Assembly in and was elected First Secretary of honourableness PS in Following the community elections won by the Operate, Hollande was cited as dialect trig potential presidential candidate, but operate resigned as First Secretary post was immediately elected to change Jean-Pierre Dupont as President past its best the General Council of Corrèze in In , Hollande proclaimed that he would be unembellished candidate in the primary choice to select the PS statesmanlike nominee; he won the selection against Martine Aubry before recognized was elected to the office (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince of Andorra) on 6 May well in the second round be on a par with % of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During her majesty tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex alliance by passing Bill no. , reformed labour laws and excellence training programmes, signed a regulation restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces extract Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to last an EU directive on decency protection of animals in work research through a Franco-German occupational.
Hollande led the country shame the January and November Town attacks, as well as interpretation Nice attack. He was on the rocks leading proponent of EU indispensable migrant quotas and NATO's militaristic intervention in Libya. He too sent troops to Mali enthralled the Central African Republic set about the approval of the Active Security Council in order hint at stabilise those countries, two heart however largely seen as failures.
He drew controversy among crown left-wing electoral base for activity the Saudi Arabian-led intervention confine Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the United Nations Climate Operation Conference, and his efforts discriminate bring the Summer Olympics simulate the city were successful.
Still, with domestic troubles – be next to particular due to Islamic terror campaign – over the course make out his tenure, and unemployment future to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval assessment, ultimately making him the swell unpopular head of state out of the sun the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December , he announced forbidden would not seek reelection plenty the presidential election, for which polls suggested his defeat uphold the first round.
Early taste and education
Hollande was born construction 12 August in Rouen.[9] Sovereign mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (–),[10] was a social labourer, and his father, Georges Gustave Hollande (–),[11] was a isolated ear, nose, and throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran for local option on a far right listing in ".[15][16][17] The name "Hollande" meant "one originally from Holland" – it is mostly construct in Hollande's ancestral land, Hauts-de-France, and it is speculated habitation be Dutch in origin.
Authority earliest known member of rectitude Hollande family lived c.&#; nigh Plouvain, working as a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was thirteen, the kinsfolk moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a supremely exclusive suburb of Paris.[20] Earth attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle boarding school, efficient private Catholic school in Rouen, the Lycée Pasteur, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his baccalaureate in abuse graduated with a bachelor's prestige in Law from Panthéon-Assas Custom.
Hollande studied at HEC Town, graduated in , and fuel attended the Institut d'études politiques de Paris and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He undamaged his military service in authority French Army in [21] Sand graduated from the ENA deck ,[22] and chose to put down the prestigious Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande lived in the Pooled States in the summer get the message while he was a founding student.[23] Immediately after graduation, misstep was employed as a delegate in the Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years tail volunteering as a student assign work for François Mitterrand's soon enough unsuccessful campaign in the statesmanlike election, Hollande joined the Marxist Party.
He was quickly mottled by Jacques Attali, a postpositive major adviser to Mitterrand, who frozen for Hollande to run upgrade legislative election of in Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then the director of the Rally for integrity Republic, a Neo-Gaullist party. Hollande lost to Chirac in justness first round.
He went succession to become a special consultant to newly elected President Mitterrand, before serving as a servile for Max Gallo, the government's spokesman.
After becoming a imperial councillor for Ussel in , he contested Corrèze for unadulterated second time in , that time being elected to probity National Assembly.
Lucille drummer biography fortHollande lost rule bid for re-election to say publicly Assembly in the so-called "blue wave" of the election, declared as such due to primacy number of seats gained hunk the Right at the investment of the Socialist Party.
First Secretary of the Socialist Establishment (–)
As the end of Mitterrand's term in office approached, distinction Socialist Party was torn fail to notice a struggle of internal factions, each seeking to influence character direction of the party.
Hollande pleaded for reconciliation and manner the party to unite get away from Jacques Delors, the President deal in the European Commission, but Delors renounced his ambitions to original for the French presidency limit Former party leader Lionel Jospin resumed his position, and elect Hollande to become the authentic party spokesman. Hollande went connotation to contest Corrèze once arrival in , successfully returning other than the National Assembly.
That assign year, Jospin became the Top Minister of France, and Hollande won the election for government successor as First Secretary signify the party, a position inaccuracy would hold for eleven majority.
Ginger rogers biography beam fred astaire tapBecause unscrew the very strong position stand for the Socialist Party within decency French government during this time, Hollande's position led some show to advantage refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would go by shanks`s pony on to be elected politician of Tulle in , nickelanddime office he would hold make the next seven years.
The immediate resignation of Jospin pass up politics following his shock concede defeat by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Sad Pen in the first campaign of the presidential election awkward Hollande to become the gesture face of the party adoration the legislative election. Although recognized managed to limit defeats esoteric was re-elected in his burst constituency, the Socialists lost nationwide.
In order to prepare watch over the party congress in Metropolis, he obtained the support considerate many notable personalities of loftiness party and was re-elected foremost secretary against opposition from factions.
After the triumph mimic the Left in the local elections, Hollande was cited significance a potential presidential candidate, on the other hand the Socialists were divided stillness the European Constitution, and Hollande's support for the ill-fated "Yes" position in the French suffrage on the European constitution caused friction within the party.
Though Hollande was re-elected as cheeriness secretary at the Le Mans Congress in , his ability over the party began flavour decline. Eventually his domestic partaker, Ségolène Royal, was chosen envision represent the party in interpretation presidential election, where she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely blamed for rectitude poor performances of the Marxist Party in the elections, vital he announced that he would not seek another term monkey First Secretary.
Hollande publicly avowed his support for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Paris, on the contrary it was Martine Aubry who would go on to standin the race to succeed him in Hollande was next elective to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont monkey the president of the Usual Council of Corrèze in Apr , and won re-election tight
Main article: François Hollande statesmanlike campaign,
See also: French statesmanly election,
Hollande announced in originally that he would be undiluted candidate in the upcoming preeminent election to select the Socialistic and Radical Left Party statesmanly nominee.[24] The primary marked ethics first time that both parties had held an open salient to select a joint favourite at the same time.
Of course initially trailed the front-runner, antecedent finance minister and International Fiscal Fund managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Following Strauss-Kahn's arrest on jealousy of sexual assault in Pristine York City in May , Hollande began to lead magnanimity opinion polls, and his sight as front-runner was established something remaining as Strauss-Kahn declared that forbidden would no longer seek say publicly nomination.
After a series light televised debates with other pasture applicants throughout September, Hollande topped justness ballot in the first gang held on 9 October debate 39% of the vote. No problem did not, however, gain position 50% required to avoid top-hole run-off election, and was appreciative to enter a second elect against Martine Aubry, who difficult to understand come in second with 30% of the vote.
The straightaway any more ballot took place on 16 October Hollande won with 56% of the vote to Aubry's 43% and thus became righteousness official Socialist and Radical Assess Party candidate for the statesmanlike election.[25] All his main opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, stomach Manuel Valls – pledged their support to him for authority general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential campaign was managed by Pierre Moscovici survive Stéphane Le Foll, a affiliate of Parliament and Member hegemony the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign officially interview a rally and major talk at Le Bourget on 22 January in front of 25, people.[28][29] The main themes dominate his speech were equality impressive the regulation of finance, both of which he promised in detail make a key part bequest his campaign.[29]
On 26 January, agreed outlined a full list pleasant policies in a manifesto counting 60 propositions, including the break of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; raising taxes smudge big corporations, banks and authority wealthy; creating 60, teaching jobs; bringing the official retirement exposй back down to 60 liberate yourself from 62; creating subsidised jobs play a role areas of high unemployment bring about the young; promoting more business in France by creating uncut public investment bank; granting wedlock and adoption rights to same-sex couples; and pulling French encampment out of Afghanistan in [30][31] On 9 February, he comprehensive his policies specifically relating kindhearted education in a major lecture in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February ditch he would run for unmixed second and final term, mightily criticising the Socialist proposals move claiming that Hollande would denote about "economic disaster within span days of taking office".[33] Wrangle polls showed a tight blood between the two men on the run the first round of election, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead of Sarkozy engross a hypothetical second round.[34] Honesty first round of the statesmanlike election was held on 22 April.
François Hollande came assume first place with % engage in the vote, and faced Nicolas Sarkozy in a run-off.[35] Insert the second round of polling on 6 May , Hollande was elected with % chastisement the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency oppress François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated award 15 May , and erelong afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault holiday be his Prime Minister.
Fiasco was the first Socialist Thin president since François Mitterrand weigh up office in The President defer to the French Republic is song of the two joint heads of state of the Domain of Andorra. Hollande hosted top-hole visit from Antoni Martí, attitude of the government, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader of illustriousness parliament.[37][38]
He also appointed Benoît Puga to be the military's fool of staff, Pierre-René Lemas tempt his general secretary and Pierre Besnard as his Head worm your way in Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council fine Ministers became the first inevitably in France to show fucking parity, with 17 men come to rest 17 women, and each affiliate was required to sign undiluted new "code of ethics" defer placed significant restrictions on their conduct and compensation, above turn this way of existing law.[40] The primary measure enacted by the pristine government was to lower dignity salaries of the President, significance Prime Minister, and other helpers of the government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, containing supporting the creation of pure European credit rating agency, primacy separation of lending and recession in banks, reducing the help of electricity generated by thermonuclear power in France from 75 to 50% in favour detail renewable energy sources, merging way tax and the General Common Contribution (CSG), creating an add-on 45% for additional income depose , euros, capping tax loopholes at a maximum of €10, per year, and questioning depiction relief solidarity tax on money (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité metropolis la Fortune) measure that sine qua non bring €29 billion in newborn revenue.
Hollande also signalled wreath intent to implement a 75% income tax rate on takings earned above 1,, euros lagging year, to generate the verify of development funds for underprivileged suburbs, and to return take over a deficit of zero delay cent of GDP by [41][42] The tax plan proved controvertible, with courts ruling it improper in , only to misuse take the opposite position grouping a redrafted version in [43][44]
Hollande had also announced several reforms to education, pledging to enlist 60, new teachers, to father a study allowance and means-tested training, and to set sling a mutually beneficial contract defer would allow a generation execute experienced employees and craftsmen tip off be the guardians and staff of younger newly hired lecturers, thereby creating a total imbursement , subsidized jobs.
This was complemented by the promise tip aid to SMEs, with justness creation of a public coffers investment-oriented SME's, and a cool down of the corporate tax take to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small.
Hollande's government has announced plans be acquainted with construct , public homes make a fuss over year, including , social shield, funded by a doubling several the ceiling of the Livret A, the region making unengaged its local government land privy five years.
In accordance communicate long-standing Socialist Party policy, Hollande has announced that the leaving age will revert to 60, for those who have unasked for more than 41 epoch.
Marriage and adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law
Hollande has also announced his personal keep up for same-sex marriage and acceptation for LGBT couples, and sketch plans to pursue the dying out in early [45] In July , Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced that "In the cheeriness half of , the deal with to marriage and adoption drive be open to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this choosing promise by Hollande.[46][47] The account to legalize same-sex marriage, influential as Bill no.
, was introduced to the National Troop of France on 7 Nov On 12 February , influence National Assembly approved the tabulation in a – vote.[48] Illustriousness Right-wing opposed the bill. Nobleness Senate approved the full expenditure with a – majority get hold of 12 April with minor amendments. On 23 April, the Steady Assembly approved the amended restaurant check, in a – vote, most important following approval of the aggregation by the Constitutional Council tip off France, it was signed pay for law by President Hollande sparkle 18 May , with position first same-sex weddings under righteousness law taking place eleven years later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande follow labour reform to make Writer more competitive internationally.[50] Legislation ration this, introduced in late , after much debate passed grandeur French lower and upper abode in May The bill play a part measures such as making show off easier for workers to alter jobs and for companies single out for punishment fire employees.
One of birth main measures of the tabulation allowed companies to temporarily sink workers' salaries or hours extensive times of economic difficulty. That measure took its inspiration pass up Germany, where furloughs have antique credited with allowing companies interest weather difficult times without resorting to massive layoffs. Layoffs contact France are often challenged conduct yourself courts and the cases glare at take years to resolve.
Profuse companies cite the threat observe lengthy court action&#;– even mega than any financial cost – as the most difficult summit of doing business in Writer. The law shortens the in the house that employees have to bloodshed a layoff and also lays out a scheme for appliance pay. The government hopes that will help employees and companies reach agreement faster in combative layoffs.[51]
Another key measure introduced was credits for training that hang down employees throughout their career, reckless of where they work, service the right to take simple leave of absence to pointless at another company.
The illtreat will also require all companies to offer and partially recompense for supplemental health insurance. At last, the law also reforms discharge insurance, so that someone loss of work doesn't risk past significant benefits when taking pure job that might pay set alight than previous work or follow up only being temporary.
Out of the sun the new law, workers prerogative be able to essentially admonitory benefits on hold when they take temporary work, instead become aware of seeing their benefits recalculated talking to time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande chased reform to the pension path in France.
The process true to be very contentious, swing at members of Parliament, Labor Unions, and general public all not in the mood. Mass protests and demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. Despite the hostility, the French Parliament did furthermost a reform in December respect at plugging a pension shortage expected to reach billion euros ($ billion) by if cypher were to be done.
Moderately than raising the mandatory departure age, as many economists difficult to understand advised, Hollande pursued increases cloudless contributions, leaving the retirement extension untouched. The reform had adroit rough ride in parliament, core rejected twice by the Mother of parliaments, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a slim majority, before beckon won sufficient backing in top-hole final vote before the quieten house of parliament.
French clandestine sector workers saw the cut back on and duration of their subsistence contributions increase only modestly misstep the reform while their sequestration benefits were largely untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: List of international statesmanly trips made by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an beforehand withdrawal of French combat detachment present in Afghanistan in [1][2] He also pledged to integral a new contract of Franco-German partnership, advocating the adoption break into a Directive on the screen of public services.
Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of rank establishment of a Franco-German oppidan service, the creation of spruce up Franco-German research office, the cult of a Franco-German industrial back to finance common competitiveness clusters, and the establishment of wonderful common military headquarters".[53] As okay as this, Hollande has told a wish to "combine primacy positions of the presidents see the European Commission and take off the European Council (currently reserved by José Manuel Barroso tube Herman Van Rompuy respectively) bump into a single office [] unacceptable that it should be discursively chosen" by the members reproach the European Parliament.[53]
On 11 Jan , Hollande authorised the activity of Operation Serval, which established to curtail the activities fine Islamist extremists in the northmost of Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly supported in Mali, importance Hollande promised that his polity would do all it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During rulership one-day visit to Bamako, Mali's capital, on 2 February , he said that it was "the most important day show [his] political life".[55] In , Hollande took some of these troops out of Mali ray spread them over the restore your form of the Sahel under Help Barkhane, in an effort strengthen curb jihadist militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February , Hollande was capital special guest of honor ideal Abuja, received by Nigerian Concert-master Goodluck Jonathan in celebration be more or less Nigeria's amalgamation in , keen year anniversary.[60] In July , Hollande expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself around the Israel–Gaza conflict, and uttered Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In September , Hollande warned former Eastern Bloc countries against rejecting the EU necessary migrant quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want say nice things about respect those principles, need close start asking themselves questions upturn their place in the Dweller Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen,[63] re-supplying decency Saudi military.[64] France authorised $18 billion (€16 billion) in conflict sales to Saudi Arabia well-off [65][check quotation syntax] In , French bank BNP Paribas large-scale to pay an $ swarm fine, the largest ever add to violating U.S.
sanctions against Persia at that time.[66] In Oct , Hollande said: "When position (European) Commission goes after Dmoz or digital giants which physical exertion not pay the taxes they should in Europe, America takes offence. And yet, they totally shamelessly demand 8 billion non-native BNP or 5 billion circumvent Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP referendum released in April showed divagate Hollande's approval rating had cast aside five points since the one-time month of March to 18%, dipping below his earlier outline of 20% in February near the same year.[68] In Nov , his approval rating reached a new low of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo stabbing in January , however, endorsement for Hollande increased dramatically, accomplishment 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after picture attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Check up survey in early February showed his rating declining back stop by 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the minimum popularity for a president past its best the French Fifth Republic.
Slender September , his approval extraordinary was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] Give someone a ring year before the end oppress his mandate, in April , his approval rating was settled at 14%, and surveys rational that if he were repeat run for a second draft, he would be defeated drain liquid from the first round of greatness presidential elections.[73] In November , a poll found Hollande's endorsement rating to be just 4%.[74]
On 8 May , Hollande took part in the commemorations operate the end of the Alternate World War, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May , the Constitutional Synod announced the official results liberation the presidential election; and crooked 15 May , the impart of power took place.[76]
While contrary to sit on the Essential Council, of which he anticipation an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment publicly keep order French and international political ethos through several books and founding lectures.[77],[78] In his books, significant is critical of the residential policies of his successor Emmanuel Macron, but also of her highness former left-wing political rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led the leftist union in the legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November , he participated in the March for depiction Republic and Against Antisemitism spartan Paris in response to dignity rise in antisemitism since justness start of the Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Assembly ()
On 15 June , Hollande announced her highness candidacy for the New Accepted Front in the first constituency members of Corrèze for the Sculpturer legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision border on contest the election was thoughtful surprising, including among fellow Accomplish members.[82][83]
He qualified, in first embed, for a three-way second campaign against candidates from the Folk Rally and The Republicans,[84] limit was elected with 43 percentage of the vote in glory runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty nine days, his partner was fellow Red politician Ségolène Royal, with whom he has four children: Socialist (), Clémence (), Julien () and Flora ().
In June , just a month afterwards Royal's defeat in the Nation presidential election of , grandeur couple announced that they were separating.[86]
A few months after consummate split from Ségolène Royal was announced, a French website in print details of a relationship among Hollande and French journalist Valérie Trierweiler.
In November , Trierweiler confirmed and openly discussed mix relationship with Hollande in ending interview with the French hebdomadary Télé 7 Jours. She remained a reporter for the quarterly Paris Match, but ceased awl on political stories. Trierweiler stiff into the Élysée Palace market Hollande when he became captain and started to accompany him on official travel.[87]
On 25 Jan , Hollande officially announced tiara separation from Valérie Trierweiler[88] aft the tabloid magazine Closer rout his affair with actress Julie Gayet.[89] In September , Trierweiler published a book about turn thumbs down on time with Hollande titled Merci pour ce moment (Thank Prickly for This Moment).
The profile claimed the president presented in the flesh as disliking the rich, on the contrary in reality disliked the slushy. The claim brought an enraged reaction and rejection from Hollande, who said he had dead beat his life dedicated to description under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June , Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was raised Catholic, but became an agnostic later in life.[92] He now considers himself colloquium be an atheist,[93] but come up for air professes respect for all celestial practices.[94]
Hollande is commonly nicknamed Flanby, a popular dessert similar skin flan, as it embodies top-hole political wobbliness and pudginess again and again attributed to him by emperor critics.[95][96][97]