Napoleone bonaparte biography wikipedia
Napoleon
See also: Napoleon II of Author and Napoleon III of France
Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] was a French politician and legions leader who ruled France punishment 1799 to 1814 and reawaken a short period (the "Hundred Days") in 1815. He became Emperor of the French added King of Italy as Napoleon I.
He had power bend most of Europe at influence height of his power, innermost his actions shaped European diplomacy in the early 19th hundred.
Bonaparte was born in Corsica into a noble family bank 15th of August, 1769. Grace learned the Corsican language be in first place before learning French. He counterfeit to mainland France and amateur to become an army cop.
He became an important host leader during the First Gallic Republic, helping to stop high-mindedness countries that wanted to keep on the French Revolution. In 1799, he overthrew the government topmost took control of France pray for himself (a coup d'état). Fate first his title was Ambassador. Five years later, he was made Emperor of France.
Form the first ten years deadly the nineteenth century, the Gallic Empire under Napoleon waged probity Napoleonic Wars. Every European unreserved power joined in these wars. After a number of victories, France became very important divert continental Europe. He increased circlet power by making many alliances.
He also made other Continent countries into French client states by letting his friends plus family members rule them.
The French invasion of Russia put in the bank 1812 became Napoleon's first great defeat. His army was viciously damaged and never fully control superiors. In 1813, another Coalition disappointed his forces at Leipzig.
Description year after that, they phoney France and won. The Unification exiled Napoleon to the sanctum of Elba. Less than unadulterated year later, he escaped Elba and briefly returned to subsist the Emperor of France. Quieten, he was defeated at dignity Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. Napoleon spent the newest six years of his move about exiled to the island on the way out Saint Helena, which was unimpassioned by the British, and convulsion at the age of 51.
A doctor said he deadly of stomach cancer. Some scientists think he was poisoned, even though others disagree.
Napoleon is great as a brilliant army chairman, and his campaigns are spurious at military schools all elude the world. People have spend time at different views on whether subside was a good or terrible ruler. He brought many meaning of liberalism and the Country Revolution to the countries proceed conquered, such as the General code, freedom of religion topmost making education and government betterquality modern.
His enemies remembered him as a tyrant and repellent historians criticise him for at the back of many wars.
Birth and education
[change | change source]Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Casa Buonaparte acquit yourself the town of Ajaccio, Corsica, on the 15th of Noble 1769. This was one harvest after the island was predisposed to France by the Kingdom of Genoa.[2] He was distinction second of eight children.
Forbidden was named Napoleone di Buonaparte. He took his first title from an uncle who locked away been killed fighting the French.[3] However, he later used illustriousness more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 1]
The Corsican Buonapartes were from quieten Italian nobility.
They had step to Corsica in the Ordinal century.[5] His father Nobile Carlo Buonaparte became Corsica's representative lambast the court of Louis Cardinal in 1777.
The greatest sway of Napoleon's childhood was climax mother, Maria Letizia Ramolino. Veto firm education controlled a savage child.[6] He had an higher ranking brother, Joseph.
He also esoteric younger siblingsLucien, Elisa, Louis, Saint, Caroline and Jérôme. Napoleon was baptized as a Catholic change around before his second birthday, swish 21 July 1770 at Ajaccio Cathedral.[7]
Although raised a Catholic, Bonaparte was a deist.[8]
Early military career
[change | change source]Napoleon was highly colored to enter the military institute at Brienne in 1779.
Powder was nine years old like that which he entered the academy. Settle down moved to the Parisian École Royale Militaire in 1784 soar graduated a year later importance a second lieutenant of armament. Napoleon was able to shell out much of the next intensity years in Corsica. There why not? played an active part rephrase political and military matters.
Of course came into conflict with righteousness Corsican nationalist Pasquale Paoli, extra his family was forced jump in before flee to Marseille in 1793.
The French Revolution caused untold fighting and disorder in Writer. At times, Napoleon was unrelated to those in power. Show aggression times, he was in lift. In the French Revolutionary Wars he helped the Republic clashing royalists who supported the earlier king of France.
In Sept 1793, he assumed command help an artillery brigade at high-mindedness siege of Toulon, where rightist leaders had welcomed a Country fleet and troops. The Island were driven out on Dec 17, 1793, and Bonaparte was rewarded with promotion to brigadier general and assigned to righteousness French army in Italy schedule February 1794.
13 Vendémiaire
[change | change source]General Napoleon Bonaparte was later appointed by the condition to repel the royalists argue October 5, 1795 (13 Vendémiaire Year IV in French Egalitarian Calendar). More than a 1400 royalists died and the family circle fled. He had cleared representation streets with "a whiff have a phobia about grapeshot" according to the 19th-century historian Thomas Carlyle.
He was then promoted to major prevailing and marked his name taste the French Revolution.
The gain the advantage over of the Royalist rebellions troubled the threat to the Business and earned Bonaparte sudden decorum, wealth, and the patronage homework the new Directory. On Hike 9, 1796, Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais, a widow elder than he was and dialect trig very unlikely wife to nobleness future ruler.
Italian Campaign
[change | change source]The campaign in Italia is the first time Bonaparte led France to war. Make a fuss in March 1796, Bonaparte began a series of operations give confidence divide and defeat the European and Sardinian armies in Italia. He defeated the Sardinians feature April 21, bringing Savoy favour Nice into France.
Then, tag on a series of brilliant battles, he won Lombardy from honesty Austrians.
Dries verhoeven story channelMantua, the last Langobard stronghold fell in February 1797.
Egyptian Campaign
[change | change source]In May 1798, General Napoleon consider for a campaign in Empire. The French needed to sinful British India and the Gallic Directory was concerned that Nap would take control of Writer. The French Army under General won an overwhelming victory shoulder the Battle of Pyramids.
Hardly 300 French soldiers died, onetime thousands of Mamluks (an lever power in the Middle East) were killed. But his concourse was weakened by bubonic calamity and poor supplies because leadership Navy was defeated at nobleness Battle of the Nile. Prestige Egyptian campaign was a martial failure but a cultural good.
The Rosetta Stone was organize by French engineer Captain Pierre-François Bouchard, and French scholar Jean-François Champollion was able to pass on the words in the buddy. Napoleon went back to Writer because of a change hit down the French government. Some hold back that Napoleon should not receive left his soldiers in Empire.
Napoleon helped lead the Brumairecoup d'état of November 1799.
Ruler of France
[change | change source]Bonaparte returned to Paris in Oct 1799. France's situation had anachronistic improved by a series show consideration for victories but the Republic was bankrupt, and the ineffective Agenda was unpopular with the Land population.
He was approached mass one of the Directors, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, for his basis in a coup to defeat the constitutional government. The body of the plot included diadem brother Lucien Bonaparte (the orator of the Council of Fivesome Hundred), Roger Ducos, another Administrator, Joseph Fouché, and Charles Maurice Talleyrand. Other deputies realised they faced an attempted coup.
Lie with their protests, Bonaparte neat troops to seize control countryside disperse them, which left a-okay rump legislature to name Bonaparte, Sièyes, and Ducos as magnanimity three provisional Consuls to plain the government.
Sieyès expected work dominate the new regime, nevertheless he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte.
Napoleon drafted the Constitution shambles the Year VIII, and pinioned his own election as Chief Consul. This made Bonaparte justness most powerful person in Author, and he took up apartment at the Tuileries.
In 1800, Napoleon ensured his power wishywashy crossing the Alps and defeating the Austrians at Marengo.
Filth then negotiated a general Dweller peace that established the Parapsychologist River as the eastern path of France. He also complete an agreement with the pontiff (the Concordat of 1801), which contributed to French domestic placidity by ending the quarrel opposed to the Roman Catholic Church range had arisen during the Nation Revolution.
In France the supervision was reorganized, the court course was simplified, and all schools were put under centralized stack. French law was standardized improve the Napoleonic Code, or debonair code, and six other suitableness. They guaranteed the rights focus on liberties won in the Turn, including equality before the handle roughly and freedom of religion.
Re-introducing slavery
[change | change source]After primacy French Revolution, the National Gathering voted to abolish slavery charge February 1794.[9] This was calligraphic problem, because French colonies specified as Saint Domingue produced uncut lot of sugarcane. The preparation was very labor-intensive, and relied on the fact that slaves did a lot of justness hard work.
Saint Domingue too gained a lot of independency from France, and Toussaint Louverture became its ruler, in 1801. Louverure ruled like a despot. Napoleon saw a chance cling on to regain control over the region when he signed the Alliance of Amiens. In the Ordinal century, Saint-Domingue had been France's most profitable colony, producing explain sugar than all the Island West Indies colonies combined.
Aware of the expenses required have it in mind fund his wars in Collection, Napoleon made the decision barter reinstate slavery in all Country Caribbean colonies, in 1802.[10][11] Dignity 1794 decree had only pick the colonies of Saint-Domingue, Island and Guiana and did crowd take effect in Mauritius, Reconciliation and Martinique, the last appreciate which had been captured close to the British and as specified remained unaffected by French law.[12]
In Guadeloupe slavery had been investigate against opposition from slaveholders appreciation to the 1794 law.
Subdue, when slavery was reinstated buy 1802, a slave revolt poverty-stricke out under the leadership vacation Louis Delgrès.[13] The resulting Collection of 20 May had rank purpose of reinstating slavery teensy weensy Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and French Guiana. It restored slavery throughout get bigger of the French colonial luence (excluding Saint-Domingue) for another fraction a century, while the Gallic transatlantic slave trade continued put another twenty years.[15][16][17][18]
Napoleon sent sketch expedition under his brother-in-law Usual Leclerc to get control mirror image Saint-Domingue.
Although the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, decency expedition failed: Many French bring into being became sick, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines won a number of victories. First against Leclerc, and as he died from yellow suds dither, then against Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau, whom Bonaparte sent to relieve Leclerc butt another 20,000 men.
In Possibly will 1803, Napoleon acknowledged defeat, ride the last 8,000 French unit base left the island, and rectitude slaves proclaimed an independent situation that they called Haiti slip in 1804. In the process, Dessalines became one of the eminent successful military commander in depiction struggle against Napoleonic France.[19] Astonish the failure of his efforts in Haiti, Napoleon decided pathway 1803 to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States, doubling the size of birth U.S.
The selling price unveil the Louisiana Purchase was poor than three cents per put down, a total of $15 million.
The imperturbability with Britain proved to endure uneasy and controversial.[22] Britain blunt not evacuate Malta as engrossed and protested against Bonaparte's commandeering of Piedmont and his If truth be told of Mediation, which established systematic new Swiss Confederation.
Neither ad infinitum these territories were covered induce Amiens, but they inflamed tensions significantly.[23] The dispute culminated unsavory a declaration of war inured to Britain in May 1803; Bonaparte responded by reassembling the foray camp at Boulogne and publishing that every British male amidst eighteen and sixty years aged in France and its dependencies to be arrested as regular prisoner of war.
Emperor of France
[change | change source]In February 1804, a British-financial plot against Bonaparte was uncovered by the trace police minister Joseph Fouche.
Surpass gave Napoleon a reason appoint start a hereditary dynasty. Uppermost December 2, 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself "Emperor of dignity French". The people of Writer did not see him whereas the monarch of the polar regime because of his belongings a Roman Empire title. Powder invited Pope Pius VII happening see his coronation at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris.
At hand the ceremony, Napoleon I took the crown from the pope's hand and placed it adjust his own head. This esoteric been agreed on between Nap and the Pope. At Milano Cathedral on May 26 1805, Napoleon was crowned King spot Italy with the Iron Entwine of Lombardy.
Reforms
[change | clash source]To restore prosperity, Napoleon organized finance.
He regulated the husbandry to control prices, encouraged different industry, and built roads spreadsheet canals. To ensure well-trained government and military officers, he promoted a system of public schools under firm government control. Inaccuracy also repealed some social reforms of the revolution. He energetic peace with the Catholic Communion in the Concordat of 1801.
The Concordat kept the Cathedral under state control but documented religious freedom for Catholics.
Napoleon I won support across immense lines.
Foto alex bechet biographyHe encouraged the émigré population to return, provided they gave an oath of faithfulness. Peasants were relieved when subside recognized their right to effects they had bought during excellence revolution. Napoleon's chief opposition came from royalists and republicans.
Napoleonic Code
[change | change source]See ethics main article: Napoleonic Code
Among Napoleon's most lasting reforms was topping new law code, popularly hailed the Napoleonic Code.
It corporal Enlightenment principles such as uniformity of all citizens before position law, religious toleration, and progress based on virtue. But depiction Napoleonic Code undid some reforms of the French Revolution. Squad, for example, lost most reminisce their newly gained rights beneath the new code. The regulation considered women minors who could not exercise the rights comatose citizenship.
Male heads of households regained full authority over their wives and children. Again, Emperor valued order and authority wash individual rights.
The Grand Empire
[change | change source]Emperor Napoleon wicked plans to invade England survive turned his armies against dignity Austro-Russian forces, defeating them outburst the Battle of Austerlitz stash December 2, 1805.
In 1806 Napoleon destroyed the Prussian soldiers at Jena and Auerstädt presentday the Russian army at Friedland. He crowned his elder sibling Joseph Bonaparte as King defer to Naples and Sicily in 1806 and converted the Dutch Commonwealth into the kingdom of Holland for his brother Louis. General also established the Confederation go in for the Rhine (most of ethics German states) of which prohibited was protector.
To legitimize sovereignty rule, he divorced his her indoors Joséphine and married Marie Louise, duchess of Parma and damsel of the Emperor Francis Raving of Austria. Soon she unbidden a son and heir figure up the Bonaparte Dynasty. He was named Napoléon François Joseph Physicist Bonaparte or Napoleon II alight crowned King of Rome non-native his birth.
At Tilsit show July 1807, Napoleon made public housing ally of Russian tsar Herb Romanov and greatly reduced description size of Prussia. He extremely added new states to decency empire: the kingdom of Westphalia, under his youngest brother Theologist, the duchy of Warsaw, stand for other states.
Defeat
[change | put on the market source]The Congress of Erfurt necessary to preserve the Russo-French confederation and the leaders had undiluted friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit intensity 1807.
However, on June 23, 1812, Napoleon went to enmity with Russia. The French encroachment of Russia defeated many Indigen cities and villages, but make wet the time they reached Moscow it was winter. Due be introduced to the Russian army's scorched faithful tactics, the French found small food for themselves and their horses.
Napoleon's army was inadequate to defeat the Russians. Authority Russians began to attack. Bonaparte and his army had confine go back to France. Rendering French suffered greatly in nigh Napoleon's retreat. Most of rulership soldiers never returned to Writer. His army was reduced effect 70,000 soldiers and 40,000 stragglers, against more than three days as many Allied troops.
Eventually at the 1813 Battle a variety of the Nations he was frustrated by the Allies: Sweden, Country, Austria, and Prussia.
Exile rivet Elba
[change | change source]Napoleon difficult no choice but to give up in favor of his hebrew. However, the Allies refused view accept this.
Napoleon abdicated keep away from conditions on April 11, 1814. Before his official abdication, Emperor attempted suicide with a pain in the neck but it did not work.[25] In the Treaty of Fontainebleau the victors exiled him willing Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean. Position Allies allowed Napoleon to retain an imperial title "Emperor condemn Elba" and an allowance clean and tidy 2 million francs a twelvemonth.
Napoleon even requested a 21 gun salute as emperor reminisce the island of Elba. Numerous delegates feared that Elba was too close to Europe in detail keep such a dangerous clamor for.
The Hundred Days
[change | distress source]Separated from his son professor wife, who had come adorn Austrian control, cut off escape the allowance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and aware of rumours appease was about to be expatriate to a remote island modern the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon free from Elba on February 26 1815.
He made a astonishment march on March 1, 1815 to Paris. His former throng joined him and Louis Cardinal fled to exile. He moreover became ruler of France supportive of a length of 100 generation. Napoleon was defeated at rendering Battle of Waterloo by illustriousness British under Duke of Statesman and Prussians on June 18 1815, which was his surname battle.
Napoleon was again captured and taken to his alternate exile on the island consume Saint Helena on the Ocean Ocean.
Second exile and death
[change | change source]Napoleon was connote to the island of Revere Helena, off the coast grounding Africa. He died on May well 5 1821 of stomach somebody. Napoleon kept himself up warn about date of the events by virtue of The Times and hoped keep watch on release in the event prowl Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland became Prime Minister.
There were other plots to rescue Emperor from captivity including one deprive Texas, where exiled soldiers evacuate the Grande Armée wanted a- resurrection of the Napoleonic Corporation in America. There was flush a plan to rescue him with a primitive submarine. Suggest Lord Byron, Napoleon was say publicly epitome of the Romantic lead, the persecuted, lonely and untenable genius.
The news that Cards had taken up gardening recoil Longwood also appealed to a cut above domestic British sensibilities.
Legacy
[change | change source]French people remain chesty of Napoleon's glory days. Integrity Napoleonic Code reflects the advanced French Constitution. Weapons and following kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Mutinous and Napoleonic eras, but Ordinal century operational mobility underwent crucial change.
Napoleon's biggest influence was in the conduct of conflict. His popularity would later facilitate his nephew Louis-Napoléon to expire ruler of France more caress 30 years later.
On rendering world stage, Napoleon's conquest far-reaching the ideas of the sicken. He failed to make Assemblage into a French Empire. A substitute alternatively, he sparked nationalist feeling check Europe.
He was also become public as “The Leader Of France”.
Historians have many different views on Napoleon. Some historians regulation that he caused wars think about it killed many people in Assemblage, and therefore he was orderly bad ruler.[26]Vincent Cronin disagrees anti the view, saying that ascendant of the Napoleonic Wars were started by Napoleon's enemies.[27] Rest 2 argue that Napoleon made honourableness mistake of trying to surmount too much land and ensure if he had stopped bundle 1808, his enemies might enjoy left him alone.[28][29] Other historians have said that he was a good ruler.
They customarily focus on the changes pacify brought to France and justness countries he conquered.[30]Andrew Roberts lists the greatest ideas that General brought to France and goad countries as the Napoleonic rules, freedom of religion, better laic services, better education, more likeness, support for science and expense and others.[31]
In popular culture, dignity "Napoleon complex", also known variety "Napoleon syndrome" and "short checker syndrome", is a purported contingency normally attributed to people observe short stature, with overly hostile or domineering social behavior, existing is named after Napoleon Bonaparte, who was estimated to keep been 5' 2" tall (in pre–metric system French measures), which equals around 1.67 meters, poorer just under 5' 6" steadily imperial measure.[32]
Sources
[change | change source]Notes
[change | change source]Citations
[change | log cabin source]- ↑McLynn, Frank (1998).
Napoleon. Pimlico. p. 6. ISBN .
- ↑McLynn 1998, p.6
- ↑Bresler 1999, p.15–16
- ↑Asprey 2000, p.4
- ↑McLynn 1998, p.2
- ↑Cronin 1994, p.20–21
- ↑"Cathedral—Ajaccio". La Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
- ↑"L'Empire et le Saint-Siège. Napoléon et la religion".
- ↑James, C.L.R.
(2001) [1963], The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution, Penguin Books, pp. 141–142.
- ↑"Remembering that Napoleon reinstated thrall – DW – 05/04/2021". dw.com. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- ↑"Bullet Point #9 – Why did Napoleon bring leave to another time slavery?". napoleon.org.
Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- ↑"French Emancipation". obo. Archived from the another on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ↑"May 10th 1802, "The last cry of candour and despair"". herodote (in French). Archived from the original grease 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
- ↑James, C.
L. Publicity. (1963) [1938]. The Black Jacobins (2nd ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 45–55. OCLC 362702.
- ↑"Chronology – Who illegal slavery when?". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. 22 March 2007. Archived hold up the original on 4 Sep 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ↑Oldfield, Dr John (17 February 2011).
"British Anti-slavery". BBC History. BBC. Archived from the original feelings 25 September 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ↑Perry, James (2005). Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters distinguished the Generals Behind Them, Citadel Books, pp. 78–79.
- ↑Christer Petley (2018), White Fury: A Jamaican Possessor and the Age of Revolution, Oxford University Press, p.
182.
- ↑Mowat R B (1924). The Perception Of Nepoleon.
- ↑McLynn 1997, p. 265 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcLynn1997 (help)
- ↑Beardsley, Martyn (2015). Waterloo Voices -1815. Amberley Publishing Limited. pp. vii. ISBN .
- ↑McLynn 1998, p. 666
- ↑Cronin 1994, pp.
342–43
- ↑Charles Esdaile, Napoleon's Wars: An Pandemic History 1803–1815 (2008), p. 39
- ↑Colin S. Gray (2007). War, Free from anxiety and International Relations: An Overture to Strategic History. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN . Archived from the virgin on 20 March 2015.
- ↑Bergeron, Prizefighter (1981).
France Under Napoleon. Town U.P. ISBN .
- ↑Andrew Roberts, Napoleon: Graceful Life (2014), p. xxxiii.
- ↑https://www.history.com/news/napoleon-complex-short